Welcome to TiddlyWiki created by Jeremy Ruston; Copyright © 2004-2007 Jeremy Ruston, Copyright © 2007-2011 UnaMesa Association
!(Work in Progress)
Aside from those seen on the [[correlative table|Correlatives]], there are many other words that describe position. They act like verbs, taking the same affixes, and are placed before the verb-noun phrase if they don't incorporate the noun. Adpositional modifiers don't incorporate anything or take affixes. (for example 'at night' - modifier in 'at night all cats are grey) It's a modifier if it can move around in the sentence without changing the meaning.
* {{nya{jok}}}, about, near, close, nearly, approaching
* {{nya{lɯch}}}, on, in contact with, at
* {{nya{ŋach}}}, of, belonging to, from, for, owned by (compare with {{nya{ŋɯŋy}}}, possessing).
* {{nya{sif}}}, by, with, via, by way of (used for travel and directions, while {{nya{fɯchi}}} is used for method and means.)
* {{nya{tin}}}, across, beyond
* {{nya{βɯz}}}, between, among, within, in, at
* {{nya{nyma}}}, through, from one side to another, all the way
* {{nya{zyich}}}, over, above
adpositions associates a noun with a verb (I see the man near the house - the seeing is near the house, not the man). To associate a noun with a noun, add the noun marker (so 'I see the man near the house' - implying that the man is near the house, not the seeing - would be 'I see the man near+nm the house')
{{ooc{A bunch of these are wrong now - use the Lexicon to fix}}}
Other derivation affixes:
!Convert to other parts of speech. Usually has the same combination form as the stem. Placed after first consonant:
; atry / atr - convert to descriptive word. Placed after first consonant
: ryko, hair, fur, fuzz → ratryyko, hairy, furry, fuzzy
: jio, water → jatrio, juicy, watery
: watryorywniz - wooden
: katriɯkliul - bestial, feral, animal-like
; iz - convert to noun. place after first consonant
: kotɯvtamy, to write → kizotɯvtamy, writings, things that are written
: manŋos, be, exist, happen → mizanŋos, happenings, events
: zizyich - lid, cover
: kizɒilkyy - nap, night's sleep
: wizimu - place
!Alters the meaning. After first vowel:
; kal / kalii - undo. (capture / release, make / destroy).
: sikalot - vomit
: tikaliityk - rot, waste food
; mir(a) - to cause to
: kimiraɯk - to cause to bleed, to cut
: kamirayl - to kill
: chamiranyki - to paint, to dye
; nalak / nala - consequent action (study/learn, travel/arrive), with focus (see/look, hear/listen)
: kɒnalakilkyy - wake up
: sɒnalakɯlyβ - to feel
: tinalakyŋkyoŋ - to arrive
: zanalak'yrtɒ - to arrive (by foot)
; ryyr / ryri - for the purpose of (up / ladder)
: moryyrras - ladder
: nyryyrma - tunnel
: siryyrot - dishes, utensils
: tiryrityk - cooking fire, stove
: myryyrratɒ - perfume
; waat / wata - exchange (teach/learn, lend/borrow, buy/sell, throw/catch) {{ooc{combined with mira}}}
: sɒwaatɯlyβ - to receive by hand
; wyt(i) - prerequisite action (succeed / attempt, pregnancy / child) {{ooc{combine with miir}}}
: tiwytityk - prepare food for cooking
: tiwytyŋkyoŋ - leave
; βyyt - with focus (see / look, hear / listen) {{ooc{combined with nalak}}}
!Extends the meaning, placed after:
; siryi - do with person (love/lover, work/coworker)
; syz - originating from (England/English)
; tif - does professionally / as an expert / as a calling
: tityktif - cook, chef
: vulotif - drummer
; viβ - one who does
: za'yrtɒviβ - traveller
: suizziotviβ - glutton
; fini - tool for doing
: waovofini - lighter, matches
; fo - method for doing (recipe, protocol, instructions)
: titykfo - recipe
; zaz - thing that does
: tuitzaz - light, torch
: vy'ykazaz - blanket, coat
; mimin - money for.
; tisso - payment for
!Extends the meaning, placed after first syllable:
; mywa - medium for doing (write/ink, wash/soap).
: timywatyk - ingredients for cooking
: timywatati - broth
; wimovi - place with lots of (trees/forest, book/library)
; rakyŋ - made of (clay / pottery, hair / wig)
: tyrakyŋmyf - candy, sweets
: ryrakyŋko - wig
; lisko - place where thing is done. (print / printshop, bake / bakery).
; zoɯr - result from (itch / scratch, print / print-outs)
; likio - container of, home of (knife / sheath, provide / store).
: kotɯvryamyl, write → kolikiotɯvryamyl, book
: laymnaɯt, drink → laymlikionaɯt, cup
!Quality
; ka - negative. precedes
: tɯɒvzoɯr, correct → katɯɒvzoɯr, incorrect
; uizz - pejorative, insulting (child/brat, talk/babble). placed after first consonant
: luizzaymnaɯt - guzzle, slurp
: suizziot - devour, gobble
: tuizzɯɒv - babble, ramble, mumble
; ta - honored, elevated. used in front
The alphabetical order for Ŋyjichɯn is as follows: ɒ, m, y, ch, j, f, ŋ, k, n, ɯ, z, i, β, v, w, u, l, r, t, o, a, s.
Nyji speakers don't notice most of the sound changes. In poetry and singing words are usually pronounced according to their orthography. {{ooc{Note that below and elsewhere, square brackets ( [] ) mean a phone (a specific speech sound) given in IPA, angled brackets ( <> ) mean a phoneme (and allophones) given in Nyji orthography, and slashes (/ /) mean a phoneme (a sound used to differ one word from another) without allophones given in either IPA or transliteration.}}}
[[Examples are listed here.|AlternationExamples]]
The pronunciation of words change in the following ways in the order given:
!!!1. Glottal Stop
Long vowels have a glottal or epiglottal stop after unless there's a coda consonant and vowel-initial syllables have one before. If further alternations are made to the vowel, a near-close vowel (<i, u>) may be elided if the rest of the dipththong is near in articulation. The glottal stop is ignored in all other alternation, unless specified.
!!!2. <l> and <w>
(Written as {{nya{<l>}}} at start of syllable and {{nya{<w>}}} at end). At the beginning of a syllable {{nya{<l> → <w>}}}. At the end of a syllable {{nya{<w> → <l>}}}.
!!!3. Voicing
Fricatives, affricates, and plosives are voiced after front vowels and unvoiced after rounded vowels.
## After {{nya{<y, a>, <t> →}}} {{ipa{[d]}}}, {{nya{<k> →}}} {{ipa{[g]}}}, {{nya{<ch> → <j>, <f> → <v>, <s> → <z>}}}
## After {{nya{<i, u, ɒ>, <j> → <ch>, <z> → <s>, <v> → <f>}}}
!![[Stress]]
4. In unstressed initial and medial syllables, vowels are reduced. The first vowel in dipththong is unaffected. Long vowels become a dipththong of the reduced vowel to the original vowel. (Does not include single-syllable words)
## {{nya{<y> → <i>}}}
## {{nya{<ɯ> → <u>}}}
## {{nya{<a, ɒ> → <o>}}}
## dipththongs: {{nya{<oa> → <oo>, <iɒ> → <io>}}}, etc
## long vowels: {{nya{<ɯɯ> → <uɯ> , <yy> → <iy>, <aa> → <oa>, <ɒɒ> → <oɒ>}}}
5. In primary stressed syllables or one syllable words, short {{nya{<i>}}} → {{nya{<y>}}}, short {{nya{<o>}}} → {{nya{<a>}}}, short {{nya{<u> → <ɯ>}}}
6. In stressed initial and final syllables, {{nya{/f/}}} → {{nya{/v/, /j/}}} → {{nya{/z/, /k/}}} → {{nya{/j/, /t/}}} → {{nya{/r/}}} (does not include one syllable words)
!!Coda Consonants
Generally speaking, a syllable-final consonant before another consonant moves closer to the second's place of articulation, keeping its voicing. However, there are many complications to this rule. A table of all changes is [[here|CodaCons]] or follow the rules below.
7. Consecutive fricatives or affricates crossing the alveolar become alveolar. If one of the consecutive fricatives or affricatives is unvoiced, it's elided. Otherwise, the second one is elided.
## {{nya{<ff>}}} → {{nya{<f>}}}
## {{nya{<vf, fv, vv,>}}} → {{nya{<v>}}}
## {{nya{<f(s, ch), s(f, s, ch), chs>}}} → {{nya{<s>}}}
## {{nya{<f(z, j), v(s, z, ch, j), s(v, z, j), z(f, v, s, z, c, j), ch(v, z), j(f, v, s, z)>}}} → {{nya{<z>}}}
## {{nya{<chch>}}} → {{nya{<ch>}}}
## {{nya{<chj, jch, jj>}}} → {{nya{<j>}}}
8. Doubled plosives and labiodentals are degeminated. ({{nya{/t, m, k, β/}}})
9. Fricatives or affricates following {{nya{<n>}}} or {{nya{<m>}}} are articulated at the same place as the nasal and unvoiced. {{nya{<Ŋ>}}} before a fricative or affricate matches that consonant's piece of articulation, and the fricative or affricate is unvoiced.
## {{nya{<nch, nj, ns, nz, nf, nv>}}} → {{nya{<ns>}}}
## {{nya{<mch, mj, ms, mz, mf, mv>}}} → {{nya{<mf>}}}
## {{nya{<ŋch, ŋj>}}} → {{nya{<nch>}}}
## {{nya{<ŋs, ŋz>}}} → {{nya{<ns>}}}
## {{nya{<ŋf, ŋv>}}} → {{nya{<mf>}}}
10. Taps and approximants are elided before voiced fricatives and affricates.
## {{nya{<β, w, l, r>}}} before {{nya{<j, z, v>}}} → (silent)
11. At the end of a initial or medial syllable, {{nya{<m> → <n>}}} except before {{nya{<f>}}}, and {{nya{<β> → <v>}}}
12. Initial and medial syllables with a coda, that phoneme moves closer to the point of articulation of the next consonant, usually keeping its voicing or unvoicing.
## {{nya{/m, n, ŋ/ → /n/}}} before {{nya{/n, m, t, r/}}}, {{ipa{/d/}}}
## After {{nya{/s, z, t/}}} {{ipa{/d/}}}, {{nya{/m, n, ŋ/ → /n/}}}
## {{nya{/t/ → /k/}}} before {{nya{/k/}}}
## {{ipa{/d/ → /g/}}} before {{nya{/k/}}}
## {{nya{/k/ → /t/}}} before {{nya{/t, f, s, r/}}}
## {{nya{/k/ →}}} {{ipa{/d/}}} before {{nya{/m/}}}
## {{nya{/ch, j, f, s, z/ → /v/}}} before {{nya{/β/}}}
## After {{nya{/t, k, ch, j, f, v, s, z, l/}}} {{ipa{/g/}}}, {{nya{/w/ → /l/}}}
## After {{nya{/ch, j, r, s/, /ŋ/ → /n/}}}
## {{nya{/f/ → /s/}}} before {{nya{/ŋ, k/}}}
## {{nya{/v/ → /z/}}} before {{nya{/ŋ, k/}}}
## {{nya{/w, l/ → /l/}}} before {{nya{/t, f, s, β, l, w/}}}
## After {{ipa{/d/}}}, {{nya{/r/ → /β/}}}
## {{ipa{/g/ → /d/}}} before {{nya{/m, r/}}}
13. Plosives and fricatives are voiced after {{nya{<r>}}} and some after {{ipa{[g, d]}}}
##After {{nya{<r>}}}, {{nya{/t/ →}}} {{ipa{[d]}}}, {{nya{/k/ →}}} {{ipa{[g]}}}, {{nya{/ch/ → /j/, /f/ → /v/, /s/ → /z/}}}
## After {{ipa{[g, d]}}}, {{nya{/f/ → /v/, /s/ → /z/}}}
14. Certain consonants combinations change to a single phoneme.
## {{nya{/sk/ → /ch/, /zk/ → /j/}}}
## {{nya{(/m, n, ŋ/)(/l, w/) → /n/}}}
## {{ipa{[gt], [dt]}}} → {{ipa{[d]}}}
## {{ipa{[gk]}}} → {{ipa{[g]}}}
## {{ipa{[gch], [dch]}}} → {{nya{/j/}}}
15. The phones {{nya{/t, k/,}}} {{ipa{[g]}}} before {{nya{/j, v, z, β/}}} → {{ipa{[d]}}}
16. Elisions
## {{nya{/nŋ/ → /ŋ/, /ŋŋ/ → /ŋ/}}}
## {{nya{/(m, n, ŋ)β/ → /β/}}}
## {{nya{/(t, k, w, l)ch/ → /ch/}}}
## {{nya{/r(w, l)/ → /r/}}}
## {{nya{/(w, l)(m, n, ŋ, k, r)/ → /(m, n, ŋ, k, r)/}}}
!!Nasals
17. {{nya{/n/}}} changes to {{nya{/ŋ/}}} before or after a velar ({{nya{/k, w, ŋ/}}}, {{ipa{[g]}}})
18. Initial {{nya{/ŋ/}}}
## At the start of a syllable, {{nya{/ŋ/ → /n/}}} before {{nya{/o, u, ɒ, ɯ/}}}
## At the start of a syllable, {{nya{/ŋ/ → /m/}}} before {{nya{/y, a, i/}}}
!!!19. Word Initial and Final
## At the beginning of a word, {{nya{<n, ŋ> → <m>, <r> → <β>}}}
## At the end of the word, {{nya{<n, m>}}} → {{nya{<ŋ>}}}, {{nya{<k>}}} → {{nya{<t>}}}, {{ipa{[g]}}} → {{ipa{[d]}}}, {{nya{<r, β>}}} → {{nya{<z>}}}
!!!20. Following Round Vowels
After {{nya{<i, u, ɒ>}}}, nasals, plosives, and taps move left one place of articulation.
## {{ipa{[ŋ]}}} → {{ipa{[n]}}} → {{ipa{[ɱ]}}}
## {{ipa{[k]}}} → {{ipa{[t]}}} → {{ipa{[p]}}}
## {{ipa{[g]}}} → {{ipa{[d]}}} → {{ipa{[b]}}}
## {{nya{/r/}}} → {{nya{/β/}}}
!!!21. Vowel Rounding
Before or after {{nya{<m, n>}}}, vowels are unrounded (including in dipththongs and long vowels). After {{nya{<w, l, ŋ>}}}, vowels are rounded. {{nya{U}}} changes in vowel height, but not roundness.
## {{nya{<ŋy>}}}/{{ipa{[ŋi]}}} → {{ipa{[ŋy]}}} (unround to round)
## {{nya{<ŋɯ>}}} → {{ipa{[ŋu]}}} (unround to round)
## {{nya{<ŋa>}}} → {{ipa{[ŋɶ]}}} (unround to round)
## {{nya{<ŋo>}}}/{{ipa{[ŋɜ]}}} → {{ipa{[ŋɞ]}}} (unround to round)
## {{nya{<min>}}}/{{ipa{[ɱʏn]}}} → {{ipa{[ɱɪn]}}} (round to unround)
## {{nya{<mun>}}}/{{ipa{[ɱʊn]}}} → {{ipa{[ɱon]}}} (round to unround)
## {{nya{<mɒn>}}} → {{ipa{[ɱɑn]}}} (round to unround)
!!!22. Vowel Initial Syllables
Coda consonants become the initial consonant of vowel initial syllables.
!! Voicing with Glottal Stops and Long Vowels
23. Plosives, fricatives, and affricates are voiced after a glottal stop.
## {{nya{<t>}}} → {{ipa{[d]}}}
## {{nya{<k>}}} → {{ipa{[g]}}}
## {{nya{<ch>}}} → {{nya{<j>}}}
## {{nya{<f>}}} → {{nya{<v>}}}
## {{nya{<s>}}} → {{nya{<z>}}}
24. Plosives, fricatives, and affricates are unvoiced after a long vowel, not ignoring a glottal stop.
## {{ipa{[d]}}} → {{nya{<t>}}}
## {{ipa{[g]}}} → {{nya{<k>}}}
## {{nya{<j>}}} → {{nya{<ch>}}}
## {{nya{<v>}}} → {{nya{<f>}}}
## {{nya{<z>}}} → {{nya{<s>}}}
!!!25. Dipththongs & Rounding
## The first vowel in a dipththong matches the rounding of the second.
{{button title{[[→ On to Word Classes → |WordClasses]]}}}
When necessary, phones will be given in {{ipa{IPA}}}. Incorrect examples will be prefixed with an * and italiziced ({{bad{*wrong}}}). Examples will continue throughout all the alternation, so the complete transformation can be seen.
!!!1. Glottal Stop
Long vowels have a glottal or epiglottal stop after unless there's a coda consonant and vowel-initial syllables have one before. If further alternations are made to the vowel, a near-close vowel (<i, u>) may be elided if the rest of the dipththong is near in articulation. The glottal stop is ignored in all other alternation, unless specified.
* chɒ'isit (vowel-initial syllable)
* joztiiz ≠ {{bad{*joztii'z}}}
* natryyki → natryy'ki
* folɒɒki → folɒɒ'ki
* vyyβyyβy → vyy'βyy'βy
* chamiiraanyki → chamii'raa'nyki
!!!2. <l> and <w>
(Written as {{nya{<l>}}} at start of syllable and {{nya{<w>}}} at end). At the beginning of a syllable {{nya{<l> → <w>}}}. At the end of a syllable {{nya{<w> → <l>}}}.
* folɒɒ'ki → fowɒɒ'ki
* kayw → kayl
* chiwkiŋam → chilkiŋam
!!!3. Voicing
Fricatives, affricates, and plosives are voiced after front vowels and unvoiced after rounded vowels.
## After {{nya{<y, a>, <t> →}}} {{ipa{[d]}}}, {{nya{<k> →}}} {{ipa{[g]}}}, {{nya{<ch> → <j>, <f> → <v>, <s> → <z>}}}
##* natryy'ki → na{{ipa{d}}}ryy'{{ipa{g}}}i
##* mychkaŋ → myjkaŋ
##* ŋafnɯŋ → ŋavnɯŋ
##* sysa → syza
##* chamii'raa'nyki → chamii'raa'ny{{ipa{g}}}i
##* βychviβ → βyjviβ
##* fiβakroryr → fiβa{{ipa{g}}}roryr
## After {{nya{<i, u, ɒ>, <j> → <ch>, <z> → <s>, <v> → <f>}}}
##* joztiiz → joztiis
##* sijurryzz → sichurryzz
##* tuvro → tufro
##* fivyβjiryr → fifyβjiryr
!!Stress
4. In unstressed initial and medial syllables, or one syllable words, vowels are reduced. The first vowel in dipththong is unaffected. Long vowels become a dipththong of the reduced vowel to the original vowel.
## {{nya{<y> → <i>}}}
##* myj''kaŋ'' → mij''kaŋ''
##* sy''za'' → si''za''
##* si''chur''ryzz ≠ {{bad{*si''chur''rizz}}}
##* cha''mii'''raa'ny''{{ipa{g}}}i'' → cha''mii'''raa'ni''{{ipa{g}}}i''
##* βyj''viβ'' → βij''viβ''
## {{nya{<ɯ> → <u>}}}
##* fɯ''βa'' → fu''βa''
##* fɯ''chɯn''chi//βɯr// → fu''chɯn''chi//βɯr//
## {{nya{<a, ɒ> → <o>}}}
##* kayw ≠ {{bad{*koyw}}}
##* ''chɒ'''i//sit// ≠ {{bad{*cho'isit}}}
##* na{{ipa{d}}}ryy'{{ipa{g}}}i → no{{ipa{d}}}ryy'{{ipa{g}}}i
##* ŋav''nɯŋ'' → ŋov''nɯŋ''
##* cha''mii'''raa'ni''{{ipa{g}}}i'' → cho''mii'''raa'ni''{{ipa{g}}}i''
##* fɒk''kit''tu → fok''kit''tu
## dipththongs: {{nya{<oa> → <oo>, <iɒ> → <io>}}}, etc
##* kayw → kaiw
##* βoɒn''βy'' → βoon''βy''
## long vowels: {{nya{<ɯɯ> → <uɯ> , <yy> → <iy>, <aa> → <oa>, <ɒɒ> → <oɒ>}}}
##* ''vyy'''βyy'//βy// → ''vyy'''βiy'//βy//
##* cho''mii'''raa'ni''{{ipa{g}}}i'' → cho''mii'''roa'ni''{{ipa{g}}}i''
5. In primary stressed syllables, short {{nya{<i>}}} → {{nya{<y>}}}, short {{nya{<o>}}} → {{nya{<a>}}}, short {{nya{<u> → <ɯ>}}}
* joz''tiis'' ≠ {{bad{*joz''tiys''}}}
* si''chur''ryzz → si''chɯr''ryzz
* ''tuf''ro → ''tɯf''ro
* cho''mii'''roa'ni''{{ipa{g}}}i'' → cho''mii'''roa'ni''{{ipa{g}}}y''
* ''chi''lki//ŋam// → ''chy''lki//ŋam//
* βij''viβ'' → βij''vyβ''
* fok''kit''tu → fok''kyt''tu
6. In stressed initial and final syllables, {{nya{/f/}}} → {{nya{/v/, /j/}}} → {{nya{/z/, /k/}}} → {{nya{/j/, /t/}}} → {{nya{/r/}}}
* ''chɒ'''i//sit// → ''chɒ'''i//sir//
* joz''tiis'' → joz''riis''
* mij''kaŋ'' → mij''jaŋ''
* ''tɯf''ro → ''rɯv''ro
* cho''mii'''roa'ni''{{ipa{g}}}y'' ≠ {{bad{*cho''mii'''roa'ni''jy''}}}
* ''jar''siŋ → ''zar''siŋ
* nif''fy'' → nif''vy''
!!Coda Consonants
Generally speaking, a syllable-final consonant before another consonant moves closer to the second's place of articulation, keeping its voicing. However, there are many complications to this rule. A table of all changes is [[here|CodaCons]] or follow the rules below.
7. Consecutive fricatives or affricates crossing the alveolar become alveolar. If one of the consecutive fricatives or affricatives is unvoiced, it's elided. Otherwise, the second one is elided.
## {{nya{<ff>}}} → {{nya{<f>}}}
## {{nya{<vf, fv, vv,>}}} → {{nya{<v>}}}
##* nifvy → nivy
## {{nya{<f(s, ch), s(f, s, ch), chs>}}} → {{nya{<s>}}}
## {{nya{<f(z, j), v(s, z, ch, j), s(v, z, j), z(f, v, s, z, c, j), ch(v, z), j(f, v, s, z)>}}} → {{nya{<z>}}}
##* βijvyβ → βizyβ
## {{nya{<chch>}}} → {{nya{<ch>}}}
## {{nya{<chj, jch, jj>}}} → {{nya{<j>}}}
##* mijjaŋ → mijaŋ
8. Doubled plosives and labiodentals are degeminated. ({{nya{/t, m, k, β/}}})
* fokkyttu → fokytu
9. Fricatives or affricates following {{nya{<n>}}} or {{nya{<m>}}} are articulated at the same place as the nasal and unvoiced. {{nya{<Ŋ>}}} before a fricative or affricate matches that consonant's piece of articulation, and the fricative or affricate is unvoiced.
## {{nya{<nch, nj, ns, nz, nf, nv>}}} → {{nya{<ns>}}}
##* fuchɯnchiβɯr → fuchɯnsiβɯr
## {{nya{<mch, mj, ms, mz, mf, mv>}}} → {{nya{<mf>}}}
## {{nya{<ŋch, ŋj>}}} → {{nya{<nch>}}}
## {{nya{<ŋs, ŋz>}}} → {{nya{<ns>}}}
## {{nya{<ŋf, ŋv>}}} → {{nya{<mf>}}}
10. Taps and approximants are elided before voiced fricatives and affricates.
## {{nya{<β, w, l, r>}}} before {{nya{<j, z, v>}}} → (silent)
##* fifyβjiryr → fifyjiryr
11. At the end of a initial or medial syllable, {{nya{<m> → <n>}}} except before {{nya{<f>}}}, and {{nya{<β> → <v>}}}
12. Initial and medial syllables with a coda, that phoneme moves closer to the point of articulation of the next consonant, usually keeping its voicing or unvoicing.
## {{nya{/m, n, ŋ/ → /n/}}} before {{nya{/n, m, t, r/}}}, {{ipa{/d/}}}
## After {{nya{/s, z, t/}}} {{ipa{/d/}}}, {{nya{/m, n, ŋ/ → /n/}}}
## {{nya{/t/ → /k/}}} before {{nya{/k/}}}
## {{ipa{/d/ → /g/}}} before {{nya{/k/}}}
## {{nya{/k/ → /t/}}} before {{nya{/t, f, s, r/}}}
## {{nya{/k/ →}}} {{ipa{/d/}}} before {{nya{/m/}}}
## {{nya{/ch, j, f, s, z/ → /v/}}} before {{nya{/β/}}}
## After {{nya{/t, k, ch, j, f, v, s, z, l/}}} {{ipa{/g/}}}, {{nya{/w/ → /l/}}}
## After {{nya{/ch, j, r, s/, /ŋ/ → /n/}}}
## {{nya{/f/ → /s/}}} before {{nya{/ŋ, k/}}}
## {{nya{/v/ → /z/}}} before {{nya{/ŋ, k/}}}
## {{nya{/w, l/ → /l/}}} before {{nya{/t, f, s, β, l, w/}}}
## After {{ipa{/d/}}}, {{nya{/r/ → /β/}}}
##* no{{ipa{d}}}ryy'{{ipa{g}}}i → no{{ipa{d}}}βyy'{{ipa{g}}}i
## {{ipa{/g/ → /d/}}} before {{nya{/m, r/}}}
##* fiβa{{ipa{g}}}roryr → fiβa{{ipa{d}}}roryr
13. Plosives and fricatives are voiced after {{nya{<r>}}} and some after {{ipa{[g, d]}}}
##After {{nya{<r>}}}, {{nya{/t/ →}}} {{ipa{[d]}}}, {{nya{/k/ →}}} {{ipa{[g]}}}, {{nya{/ch/ → /j/, /f/ → /v/, /s/ → /z/}}}
##* zarsiŋ → zarziŋ
## After {{ipa{[g, d]}}}, {{nya{/f/ → /v/, /s/ → /z/}}}
14. Certain consonants combinations change to a single phoneme.
## {{nya{/sk/ → /ch/, /zk/ → /j/}}}
## {{nya{(/m, n, ŋ/)(/l, w/) → /n/}}}
## {{ipa{[gt], [dt]}}} → {{ipa{[d]}}}
## {{ipa{[gk]}}} → {{ipa{[g]}}}
## {{ipa{[gch], [dch]}}} → {{nya{/j/}}}
15. The phones {{nya{/t, k/,}}} {{ipa{[g]}}} before {{nya{/j, v, z, β/}}} → {{ipa{[d]}}}
16. Elisions
## {{nya{/nŋ/ → /ŋ/, /ŋŋ/ → /ŋ/}}}
## {{nya{/(m, n, ŋ)β/ → /β/}}}
##* βoonβy → βooβy
## {{nya{/(t, k, w, l)ch/ → /ch/}}}
## {{nya{/r(w, l)/ → /r/}}}
## {{nya{/(w, l)(m, n, ŋ, k, r)/ → /(m, n, ŋ, k, r)/}}}
##* chylkiŋam → chykiŋam
!!Nasals
17. {{nya{/n/}}} changes to {{nya{/ŋ/}}} before or after a velar ({{nya{/k, w, ŋ/}}}, {{ipa{[g]}}})
18. Initial {{nya{/ŋ/}}}
## At the start of a syllable, {{nya{/ŋ/ → /n/}}} before {{nya{/o, u, ɒ, ɯ/}}}
##* ŋovnɯŋ → novnɯŋ
## At the start of a syllable, {{nya{/ŋ/ → /m/}}} before {{nya{/y, a, i/}}}
##* chykiŋam → chykimam
!!!19. Word Initial and Final
## At the beginning of a word, {{nya{<n, ŋ> → <m>, <r> → <β>}}}
##* no{{ipa{d}}}βyy'{{ipa{g}}}i → mo{{ipa{d}}}βyy'{{ipa{g}}}i
##* novnɯŋ → movnɯŋ
##* rɯvro → βɯvro
##* nivy → mivy
## At the end of the word, {{nya{<n, m>}}} → {{nya{<ŋ>}}}, {{nya{<k>}}} → {{nya{<t>}}}, {{ipa{[g]}}} → {{ipa{[d]}}}, {{nya{<r, β>}}} → {{nya{<z>}}}
##* chɒ'isir → chɒ'isiz
##* chykimam → chykimaŋ
##* βizyβ → βizyz
##* fifyjiryr → fifyjiryz
##* fiβa{{ipa{d}}}roryr → fiβa{{ipa{d}}}roryz
##* fuchɯnsiβɯr → fuchɯnsiβɯz
!!!20. Following Round Vowels
After {{nya{<i, u, ɒ>}}}, nasals, plosives, and taps move left one place of articulation.
## {{ipa{[ŋ]}}} → {{ipa{[n]}}} → {{ipa{[ɱ]}}}
##* zarziŋ → zarzin
## {{ipa{[k]}}} → {{ipa{[t]}}} → {{ipa{[p]}}}
##* fowɒɒ'ki → fowɒɒ'ti
## {{ipa{[g]}}} → {{ipa{[d]}}} → {{ipa{[b]}}}
##* chomii'roa'ni{{ipa{g}}}y → chomii'roa'ni{{ipa{d}}}y
## {{nya{/r/}}} → {{nya{/β/}}}
##* chɒ'isiz ≠ {{bad{*chɒ'isiβ}}}
##* sichɯrryzz ≠ ; {{bad{*sichɯβryzz}}}
##* chomii'roa'ni{{ipa{d}}}y → chomii'βoa'ni{{ipa{d}}}y
##* fifyjiryz → fifyjiβyz
!!!21. Vowel Rounding
Before or after {{nya{<m, n>}}}, vowels are unrounded (including in dipththongs and long vowels). After {{nya{<w, l, ŋ>}}}, vowels are rounded. {{nya{U}}} changes in vowel height, but not roundness.
## {{nya{<ŋy>}}}/{{ipa{[ŋi]}}} → {{ipa{[ŋy]}}} (unround to round)
## {{nya{<ŋɯ>}}} → {{ipa{[ŋu]}}} (unround to round)
## {{nya{<ŋa>}}} → {{ipa{[ŋɶ]}}} (unround to round)
##* mijaŋ ≠ {{bad{*mij{{ipa{ɶ}}}ŋ}}}
## {{nya{<ŋo>}}}/{{ipa{[ŋɜ]}}} → {{ipa{[ŋɞ]}}} (unround to round)
## {{nya{<min>}}}/{{ipa{[ɱʏn]}}} → {{ipa{[ɱɪn]}}} (round to unround)
##* mijaŋ → m{{ipa{ɪ}}}jaŋ
##* chomii'βoa'ni{{ipa{d}}}y → chom{{ipa{ɪ}}}i'βoa'n{{ipa{ɪd}}}y
##* zarzin → zarz{{ipa{ɪ}}}n
## {{nya{<mun>}}}/{{ipa{[ɱʊn]}}} → {{ipa{[ɱon]}}} (round to unround)
## {{nya{<mɒn>}}} → {{ipa{[ɱɑn]}}} (round to unround)
!!!22. Vowel Initial Syllables
Coda consonants become the initial consonant of vowel initial syllables.
!! Voicing with Glottal Stops and Long Vowels
23. Plosives, fricatives, and affricates are voiced after a glottal stop.
## {{nya{<t>}}} → {{ipa{[d]}}}
##* fowɒɒ'ti → fowɒɒ'{{ipa{d}}}i
## {{nya{<k>}}} → {{ipa{[g]}}}
## {{nya{<ch>}}} → {{nya{<j>}}}
## {{nya{<f>}}} → {{nya{<v>}}}
## {{nya{<s>}}} → {{nya{<z>}}}
##* jozriis ≠ {{bad{*jozriiz}}}
24. Plosives, fricatives, and affricates are unvoiced after a long vowel, not ignoring a glottal stop.
## {{ipa{[d]}}} → {{nya{<t>}}}
## {{ipa{[g]}}} → {{nya{<k>}}}
##* mo{{ipa{d}}}βyy'{{ipa{g}}}i ≠ {{bad{*mo{{ipa{d}}}βyy'ki}}}
## {{nya{<j>}}} → {{nya{<ch>}}}
## {{nya{<v>}}} → {{nya{<f>}}}
## {{nya{<z>}}} → {{nya{<s>}}}
!!!25. Dipththongs & Rounding
## The first vowel in a dipththong matches the rounding of the second.
##* kaiw → k{{ipa{ɶ}}}iw
##* chom{{ipa{ɪ}}}i'βoa'n{{ipa{ɪd}}}y → chomii'βoa'n{{ipa{ɪd}}}y
Ŋyjichɯn's default sentence structure is subject-object-verb (SOV). In practice, however, it displays free word order, placing the most important word in front with the least important incorporated into the verb. Consider default word order
{{cent{
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''moŋjy zɯzɯn myɒzyvomty''// |>|>|
|What is your name? |>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''moŋ-jy''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''zɯ-zɯn''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''my<ɒz-yv>omty'' (stem: {{nya{myomty}}})// |
|2s.~POSS-NOM |what-ACC |name<2s.~SBJ-3s.POBJ>name |
}}}
}}}versus
{{cent{
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''myɒzyvomty moŋjy zɯzɯn''// |>|>|
|What is your ''name''? |>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''my<ɒz-yv>omty''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''moŋ-jy''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''zɯ-zɯn''// |
|name<2s.~SBJ-3s.POBJ>name |2s.~POSS-NOM|what-ACC |
}}}
}}}versus
{{cent{
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''zɯzɯn myɒzyvmoŋomty''// |>|
|''What'' is your name? |>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''zɯ-zɯn''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''my<ɒz-yv>moŋ-omty''// |
|what-ACC |name<2s.~SBJ-3s.POBJ>your-name |
}}}
}}}Therefore, to go beyond the most basic sentences, one must understand how to @@font-size:1.25em;[[incorporate nouns|NounIncorporation]]@@.
{{cent{
| | Modern | Taijin | Wanrin | literally |h
|!skull, head | | | | egg |
|! hand | sɒɯlyβ |
|! skin | chanyki |
|! arm | jotro |
|! blood | kiɯk | | | red, orange |
|! nose, muzzle | nifon |
|!butt, rear | zoylko | ŋuu | | Taijin use 'tail' |
|! hair | ryko |
|! heart | vulo | | | to pound, to drum |
|! chest | vyru |
|! foot | za'yrtɒ | | | to travel |
|! eye | tyoka |
|! claw, nail, first joint of hand or foot | | Taijin only |
|! finger | | | | hand vine |
|! toe | | | | digger, dig in |
|! thumb | | | | bow finger - they use small bows to hunt |
|! jawbone | club - Taijin only (use similar shaped clubs |
|! eyelashes | | | | dust shield |
|! eyebrows | | water diverter / channeler - Taijin only |
}}}
/%
!info
|Name|BreadcrumbsCommand|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#BreadcrumbsCommand|
|Version|2.0.0|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|transclusion|
|Requires|BreadcrumbsPlugin|
|Description|"crumbs" command displays current breadcrumbs list in a popup|
Usage
<<<
{{{
<<tiddler BreadcrumbsCommand>>
<<tiddler BreadcrumbsCommand with: label tip>>
}}}
<<<
Example
<<<
{{{<<tiddler BreadcrumbsCommand with: "crumbs">>}}}
<<tiddler BreadcrumbsCommand##show with: "crumbs">>
<<<
!end
!show
<html><nowiki><a href="javascript:;" class="TiddlyLink" title="$2"
onclick="var p=Popup.create(this); if (!p) return;
var d=createTiddlyElement(p,'div');
d.style.whiteSpace='normal'; d.style.width='auto'; d.style.padding='2px';
wikify('\<\<breadcrumbs [[\<html\>\<hr\>\</html\>]] [[<br>]]\>\>',d);
Popup.show();
event.cancelBubble=true;if(event.stopPropagation)event.stopPropagation();
return false;
">$1</a></html>
!end
%/<<tiddler {{ var src='BreadcrumbsCommand'; src+(tiddler&&tiddler.title==src?'##info':'##show')}}
with: {{'$1'!='$'+'1'?'$1':'crumbs'}}
{{'$2'!='$'+'2'?'$2':'tiddlers viewed during this session'}}>>
/***
|Name|BreadcrumbsPlugin|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#BreadcrumbsPlugin|
|Documentation|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#BreadcrumbsPluginInfo|
|Version|2.1.2|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Description|list/jump to tiddlers viewed during this session plus "back" button/macro|
This plugin provides a list of links to all tiddlers opened during the session, creating a "trail of breadcrumbs" from one tiddler to the next, allowing you to quickly navigate to any previously viewed tiddler, or select 'home' to reset the display to the initial set of tiddlers that were open at the start of the session (i.e., when the document was loaded into the browser).
!!!!!Documentation
<<<
see [[BreadcrumbsPluginInfo]]
<<<
!!!!!Configuration
<<<
<<option chkCreateDefaultBreadcrumbs>> automatically create breadcrumbs display (if needed)
<<option chkShowBreadcrumbs>> show/hide breadcrumbs display
<<option chkReorderBreadcrumbs>> re-order breadcrumbs when visiting a previously viewed tiddler
<<option chkBreadcrumbsHideHomeLink>> omit 'Home' link from breadcrumbs display
<<option chkBreadcrumbsSave>> prompt to save breadcrumbs when 'Home' link is pressed
<<option chkShowStartupBreadcrumbs>> show breadcrumbs for 'startup' tiddlers
<<option chkBreadcrumbsReverse>> show breadcrumbs in reverse order (most recent first)
<<option chkBreadcrumbsLimit>> limit breadcrumbs display to {{twochar{<<option txtBreadcrumbsLimit>>}}} items
<<option chkBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers>> limit open tiddlers to {{twochar{<<option txtBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers>>}}} items
<<<
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2009.10.19 [2.1.2] code reduction
| Please see [[BreadcrumbsPluginInfo]] for previous revision details |
2006.02.01 [1.0.0] initial release
<<<
!!!!!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.BreadcrumbsPlugin= {major: 2, minor: 1, revision: 2, date: new Date(2009,10,19)};
var defaults={
chkShowBreadcrumbs: true,
chkReorderBreadcrumbs: true,
chkCreateDefaultBreadcrumbs: true,
chkShowStartupBreadcrumbs: false,
chkBreadcrumbsReverse: false,
chkBreadcrumbsLimit: false,
txtBreadcrumbsLimit: 5,
chkBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers:false,
txtBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers:3,
chkBreadcrumbsHideHomeLink: false,
chkBreadcrumbsSave: false,
txtBreadcrumbsHomeSeparator: ' | ',
txtBreadcrumbsCrumbSeparator: ' > '
};
for (var id in defaults) if (config.options[id]===undefined)
config.options[id]=defaults[id];
config.macros.breadcrumbs = {
crumbs: [], // the list of current breadcrumbs
askMsg: "Save current breadcrumbs before clearing?\n"
+"Press OK to save, or CANCEL to continue without saving.",
saveMsg: 'Enter the name of a tiddler in which to save the current breadcrumbs',
saveTitle: 'SavedBreadcrumbs',
handler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {
var area=createTiddlyElement(place,"span",null,"breadCrumbs",null);
area.setAttribute("homeSep",params[0]||config.options.txtBreadcrumbsHomeSeparator);
area.setAttribute("crumbSep",params[1]||config.options.txtBreadcrumbsCrumbSeparator);
this.render(area);
},
add: function (title) {
var thisCrumb = title;
var ind = this.crumbs.indexOf(thisCrumb);
if(ind === -1)
this.crumbs.push(thisCrumb);
else if (config.options.chkReorderBreadcrumbs)
this.crumbs.push(this.crumbs.splice(ind,1)[0]); // reorder crumbs
else
this.crumbs=this.crumbs.slice(0,ind+1); // trim crumbs
if (config.options.chkBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers)
this.limitOpenTiddlers();
this.refresh();
return false;
},
getAreas: function() {
var crumbAreas=[];
// find all DIVs with classname=="breadCrumbs"
var all=document.getElementsByTagName("*");
for (var i=0; i<all.length; i++)
try{ if (hasClass(all[i],"breadCrumbs")) crumbAreas.push(all[i]); } catch(e) {;}
// or, find single DIV w/fixed ID (backward compatibility)
var byID=document.getElementById("breadCrumbs")
if (byID && !hasClass(byID,"breadCrumbs")) crumbAreas.push(byID);
if (!crumbAreas.length && config.options.chkCreateDefaultBreadcrumbs) {
// no crumbs display... create one
var defaultArea = createTiddlyElement(null,"span",null,"breadCrumbs",null);
defaultArea.style.display= "none";
var targetArea= document.getElementById("tiddlerDisplay");
targetArea.parentNode.insertBefore(defaultArea,targetArea);
crumbAreas.push(defaultArea);
}
return crumbAreas;
},
refresh: function() {
var crumbAreas=this.getAreas();
for (var i=0; i<crumbAreas.length; i++) {
crumbAreas[i].style.display = config.options.chkShowBreadcrumbs?"block":"none";
removeChildren(crumbAreas[i]);
this.render(crumbAreas[i]);
}
},
render: function(here) {
var co=config.options; var out=""
if (!co.chkBreadcrumbsHideHomeLink) {
createTiddlyButton(here,"Home",null,this.home,"tiddlyLink tiddlyLinkExisting");
out+=here.getAttribute("homeSep")||config.options.txtBreadcrumbsHomeSeparator;
}
for (c=0; c<this.crumbs.length; c++) // remove non-existing tiddlers from crumbs
if (!store.tiddlerExists(this.crumbs[c]) && !store.isShadowTiddler(this.crumbs[c]))
this.crumbs.splice(c,1);
var count=this.crumbs.length;
if (co.chkBreadcrumbsLimit && co.txtBreadcrumbsLimit<count) count=co.txtBreadcrumbsLimit;
var list=[];
for (c=this.crumbs.length-count; c<this.crumbs.length; c++) list.push('[['+this.crumbs[c]+']]');
if (co.chkBreadcrumbsReverse) list.reverse();
out+=list.join(here.getAttribute("crumbSep")||config.options.txtBreadcrumbsCrumbSeparator);
wikify(out,here);
},
home: function() {
var cmb=config.macros.breadcrumbs;
if (config.options.chkBreadcrumbsSave && confirm(cmb.askMsg)) cmb.saveCrumbs();
story.closeAllTiddlers(); restart();
cmb.crumbs = []; var crumbAreas=cmb.getAreas();
for (var i=0; i<crumbAreas.length; i++) crumbAreas[i].style.display = "none";
return false;
},
saveCrumbs: function() {
var tid=prompt(this.saveMsg,this.saveTitle); if (!tid||!tid.length) return; // cancelled by user
var t=store.getTiddler(tid);
if(t && !confirm(config.messages.overwriteWarning.format([tid]))) return;
var who=config.options.txtUserName;
var when=new Date();
var text='[['+this.crumbs.join(']]\n[[')+']]';
var tags=t?t.tags:[]; tags.pushUnique('story');
var fields=t?t.fields:{};
store.saveTiddler(tid,tid,text,who,when,tags,fields);
story.displayTiddler(null,tid);
story.refreshTiddler(tid,null,true);
displayMessage(tid+' has been '+(t?'updated':'created'));
},
limitOpenTiddlers: function() {
var limit=config.options.txtBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers; if (limit<1) limit=1;
for (c=this.crumbs.length-1; c>=0; c--) {
var tid=this.crumbs[c];
var elem=document.getElementById(story.idPrefix+tid);
if (elem) { // tiddler is displayed
if (limit <=0) { // display limit has been reached
if (elem.getAttribute("dirty")=="true") { // tiddler is being edited
var msg= "'"+tid+"' is currently being edited.\n\n"
+"Press OK to save and close this tiddler\n"
+"or press Cancel to leave it opened";
if (confirm(msg)) {
story.saveTiddler(tid);
story.closeTiddler(tid);
}
}
else story.closeTiddler(this.crumbs[c]);
}
limit--;
}
}
}
};
//}}}
// // PreviousTiddler ('back') command and macro
//{{{
config.commands.previousTiddler = {
text: 'back',
tooltip: 'view the previous tiddler',
handler: function(event,src,title) {
var here=story.findContainingTiddler(src); if (!here) return;
var crumbs=config.macros.breadcrumbs.crumbs;
if (crumbs.length<2) config.macros.breadcrumbs.home();
else story.displayTiddler(here,crumbs[crumbs.length-2]);
return false;
}
};
config.macros.previousTiddler= {
label: 'back',
prompt: 'view the previous tiddler',
handler: function(place,macroName,params,wikifier,paramString,tiddler) {
var label=params.shift(); if (!label) label=this.label;
var prompt=params.shift(); if (!prompt) prompt=this.prompt;
createTiddlyButton(place,label,prompt,function(ev){
return config.commands.previousTiddler.handler(ev,this)
});
}
}
//}}}
// // HIJACKS
//{{{
// update crumbs when a tiddler is displayed
if (Story.prototype.breadCrumbs_coreDisplayTiddler==undefined)
Story.prototype.breadCrumbs_coreDisplayTiddler=Story.prototype.displayTiddler;
Story.prototype.displayTiddler = function(srcElement,tiddler) {
var title=(tiddler instanceof Tiddler)?tiddler.title:tiddler;
this.breadCrumbs_coreDisplayTiddler.apply(this,arguments);
if (!startingUp || config.options.chkShowStartupBreadcrumbs)
config.macros.breadcrumbs.add(title);
}
// update crumbs when a tiddler is deleted
if (TiddlyWiki.prototype.breadCrumbs_coreRemoveTiddler==undefined)
TiddlyWiki.prototype.breadCrumbs_coreRemoveTiddler=TiddlyWiki.prototype.removeTiddler;
TiddlyWiki.prototype.removeTiddler= function() {
this.breadCrumbs_coreRemoveTiddler.apply(this,arguments);
config.macros.breadcrumbs.refresh();
}
//}}}
/***
|Name|BreadcrumbsPluginInfo|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#BreadcrumbsPlugin|
|Documentation|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#BreadcrumbsPluginInfo|
|Version|2.1.2|
|License|[[Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License|http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.5/]]|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Description|Documentation for BreadcrumbsPlugin|
This plugin provides a list of links to all tiddlers opened during the session, creating a "trail of breadcrumbs" from one tiddler to the next, allowing you to quickly navigate to any previously viewed tiddler, or select 'home' to reset the display to the initial set of tiddlers that were open at the start of the session (i.e., when the document was loaded into the browser).
!!!!!Usage
<<<
syntax:
{{{
<<breadcrumbs homeSeparator crumbSeparator>>
}}}
By default, the breadcrumbs are displayed as a continuous, //horizontal// word-wrapped line of text, using default character sequences for ''homeSeparator'' (" | ") and ''crumbSeparator'' (" > "). The //optional// ''homeSeparator'' and ''crumbSeparator'' macro parameters allow you to specify alternative separators. For example, to display the breadcrumbs //vertically// (in a stack, rather than a row), set the separator values to use {{{[[<br>]]}}}... and, to display a horizontal line as the home separator, use {{{[[<html><hr></html>]]}}}.
<<<
!!!!!Examples:
<<<
{{{
<<breadcrumbs>>
}}}
<<breadcrumbs>>
{{{
<<breadcrumbs [[<html><hr></html>]] [[<br>]]>>
}}}
<<breadcrumbs [[<html><hr></html>]] [[<br>]]>>
<<<
!!!!!Customization
<<<
Using CSS and a few of the plugin configuration options (see below), you can make the breadcrumbs display resemble browser tabs by adding the following to your [[StyleSheet]]:
{{{
.breadCrumbs { border-bottom:1px solid; }
.breadCrumbs a {
border: 1px solid; padding: 0px 1em;
-moz-border-radius-topleft:.5em; -moz-border-radius-topright:.5em;
-webkit-border-top-left-radius:.5em; -webkit-border-top-right-radius:.5em;
}
}}}
and this in [[ConfigTweaks]] (tagged with systemConfig, of course):
{{{
config.options.chkShowStartupBreadcrumbs=true;
config.options.chkBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers=true;
config.options.txtBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers=1;
config.macros.breadcrumbs.homeSeparator=" ";
config.macros.breadcrumbs.crumbSeparator=" ";
}}}
<<<
!!!!!Configuration
<<<
__''display placement:''__
<<option chkCreateDefaultBreadcrumbs>> automatically create breadcrumbs display (if needed)
{{{<<option chkCreateDefaultBreadcrumbs>>}}}
>By default, the plugin automatically creates the "breadCrumbs" display element at the top of the story column, just above the tiddlerDisplay area. To manually control the display and placement of the breadcrumbs display, you can define a DIV with class="breadCrumbs" in a custom [[PageTemplate]] or embed the {{{<<breadcrumbs>>}}} macro in specific tiddler content.
>
>For example, to add the breadcrumbs below the mainMenu, change this:
{{{
<div id='mainMenu' refresh='content' tiddler='MainMenu'></div>
}}}
>to:
{{{
<div id='mainMenu'>
<div refresh='content' tiddler='MainMenu'></div>
<div id='breadCrumbs' class='breadCrumbs'></div>
</div>
}}}
>You can also block automatic creation of the breadcrumbs display by setting
{{{
config.options.chkCreateDefaultBreadcrumbs=false;
}}}
>in a [[CookieJar]]/[[ConfigTweaks]] plugin tiddler.
__''other settings:''__
<<option chkShowBreadcrumbs>> show/hide breadcrumbs display
{{{<<option chkShowBreadcrumbs>>}}}
>This checkbox toggles the visibility of the breadcrumbs display. However, the display is not updated until the next crumb is added (or a previous crumb is clicked on). For immediate effect, the [[ToggleBreadcrumbs]] script uses [[InlineJavascriptPlugin]] to synchronize the checkbox setting and the breadcrumbs display.
<<option chkReorderBreadcrumbs>> re-order breadcrumbs when visiting a previously viewed tiddler
{{{<<option chkReorderBreadcrumbs>>}}}
>When visiting a previously viewed tiddler, the title of the most-recently displayed tiddler is simply moved to the end of the list and individual breadcrumbs are not removed from the list unless the underlying tiddler is deleted. When ''re-ordering'' is disabled, the breadcrumbs list is ''trimmed'' so that all crumbs following that tiddler are removed from the list.
<<option chkBreadcrumbsHideHomeLink>> omit 'Home' link from breadcrumbs display
{{{<<option chkBreadcrumbsHideHomeLink>>}}}
>Enabling this option suppresses the automatic display of the "Home" link (and home separator). To manually add the home link elsewhere in your document, use the following HTML:
{{{
<html><a href="javascript:;" onclick="config.macros.breadcrumbs.home()">home</a></html>
}}}
<<option chkBreadcrumbsSave>> prompt to save breadcrumbs when 'Home' link is pressed
{{{<<option chkBreadcrumbsSave>>}}}
>Whenever you press the 'home' button, you can be prompted to save the current breadcrumbs in a tiddler as a space-separated list of tiddler links (default title="SavedBreadcrumbs").
<<option chkShowStartupBreadcrumbs>> show breadcrumbs for 'startup' tiddlers
{{{<<option chkShowStartupBreadcrumbs>>}}}
>Breadcrumbs are usually only added for tiddlers that are opened after the document has been loaded, and not for tiddlers displayed during initial startup (e.g., [[DefaultTiddlers]]). Enabling this option displays breadcrumbs for all viewed tiddlers, regardless of when they are opened.
<<option chkBreadcrumbsReverse>> show breadcrumbs in reverse order
{{{<<option chkBreadcrumbsReverse>>}}}
>As tiddlers are displayed, breadcrumbs are usually added to the //end// of the list. Enabling this option displays breadcrumbs in reverse order, so that the most recently visited tiddlers are listed first.
<<option chkBreadcrumbsLimit>> limit breadcrumbs display to {{twochar{<<option txtBreadcrumbsLimit>>}}} items
{{{<<option chkBreadcrumbsLimit>>}}} and {{{<<option txtBreadcrumbsLimit>>}}}
>By default, breadcrumbs are displayed for all tiddlers that have been visited (unless the list is being 'trimmed' by disabling the chkReorderBreadcrumbs option above). Enabling this option limits the display of the list to a maximum specified number of breadcrumbs.
<<option chkBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers>> limit open tiddlers to {{twochar{<<option txtBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers>>}}} items
{{{<<option chkBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers>>}}} and {{{<<option txtBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers>>}}}
>By default, tiddlers remain open (e.g., displayed in the story column) until you explicitly close them. When this option is enabled, only the most recently opened tiddlers will remain open: ''any tiddlers in excess of the specified limit are automatically closed.'' //Note: for 'data safety', if a tiddler is being edited, you will be asked for permission to "save-and-close" that tiddler or leave it open (even if that would exceed the specified limit).//
<<<
!!!!!Revisions
<<<
2009.10.19 2.1.2 code reduction
2009.03.22 2.1.0 added 'save breadcrumbs to tiddler' feature
2008.05.01 2.0.0 added 'limit open tiddlers' feature (with safety check for tiddler in edit mode)
2008.04.06 1.9.1 corrected 'limit' logic so that //last// N crumbs are shown instead of //first// N crumbs. Also, added chkBreadcrumbsHideHomeLink
2008.04.04 1.9.0 added chkBreadcrumbsReverse and chk/txtBreadcrumbsLimit
2008.03.29 1.8.4 in displayTiddler(), get title from tiddler object (if needed). Fixes errors caused when calling function passes a tiddler *object* instead of a tiddler *title*
2008.03.24 1.8.3 include shadow tiddlers in breadcrumbs list. Also changed settings so that "reordering" breadcrumbs is the default, instead of "trimming" the list
2007.12.04 [*.*.*] update for TW2.3.0: replaced deprecated core functions, regexps, and macros
2007.10.26 1.8.2 documentation cleanup
2007.10.18 1.8.1 in GetAreas(), use try/catch to avoid "Bad NPObject as private data" fatal error caused when embedded QuickTime player element is accessed by hasClass() function.
2007.10.02 1.8.0 major documentation and code cleanup. Moved config.breadCrumbs.* to config.macros.breadcrumbs.* to consolidate objects. Also, fixed homeSeparator and crumbSeparator default handling.
2007.10.02 1.7.0 added config.options.chkShowStartupBreadcrumbs option
2007.09.16 1.6.1 in getAreas(), removed errant use of 'place' (was causing fatal error when creating default breadcrumbs display element). Also, added chkCreateDefaultBreadcrumbs configuration setting to enable/disable automatic creation of a default breadcrumbs display.
2007.09.16 1.6.0 re-wrote refresh() to enable multiple display instances, by finding elements with "breadCrumbs" classname. Fallback to fixed ID (="breadCrumbs") is still used for backward-compatibility. move rendering code from refresh() to separate render() function, and added definition for {{{<<breadCrumbs>>}}} macro to support embedding breadcrumbs displays in tiddler content.
2007.09.15 [1.5.9.1] updated documentation
2007.09.15 1.5.9 defined homeSeparator (" | ") and crumbSeparator (" > ") as object properties so that they can be redefined as desired for different layouts (e.g., using 'newline' for the crumbSeparator will arrange crumbs in a column rather than a row.
2007.06.21 [1.5.8.1] in home(), return false to prevent IE from attempting to navigate away...
2007.05.26 1.5.8 added support for {{{<<option chkReorderBreadcrumbs>>}}} to toggle trim vs. re-order behavior when visiting previously viewed tiddlers
2007.05.25 1.5.7 added support for {{{<<option chkShowBreadcrumbs>>}}} to toggle //display// of breadcrumbs
2007.05.24 1.5.6 in refresh(), remove non-existing tiddler titles from crumb list. Also, hijack removeTiddler() so crumbs can be updated after tiddler is deleted.
2007.04.11 1.5.5 added optional params to previousTiddler macro handler() to allow alternative label and tooltip text (instead of default "back")
2007.03.02 1.5.4 in refresh(), for TW2.2, look for "storyDisplay" instead of "tiddlerDisplay" but keep fallback to "tiddlerDisplay" for TW2.1 or earlier
2007.02.24 1.5.3 changed from hijack of onClickTiddlerLink to hijack of displayTiddler() so that ALL displayed tiddlers are recorded in the crumbs, including programmatically displayed tiddlers opened by macros, scripts, etc., (such as [[GotoPlugin]], among many others) in addition to those opened by clicks on links.
2007.02.24 [1.5.2.0] eliminated global space clutter by moving function and data declarations so they are contained inside config.breadCrumbs object.
2007.02.06 1.5.1 added "previousTiddler" macro (for use in sidebar)
2007.02.05 1.5.0 added "previousTiddler" toolbar command (aka, "back")
2006.08.04 [1.4.0.1] change spaces to tabs
2006.08.04 1.4.0 modified from 1.4.0 distro: in refresh(), set {{{display:none/block}}} instead of {{{visibility:hidden/visible}}}. In home(), check for valid crumbArea before setting style.
2006.08.02 1.4.0 Fixed bug, the redefined onClickTiddlerLink_orig_breadCrumbs works incorrectly on IE
2006.07.20 1.3.0 Runs compatibly with TW 2.1.0 (rev #403+)
2006.02.07 1.2.0 change global array breadCrumbs to config.breadCrumbs by Eric's suggestion
2006.02.04 1.1.0 JSLint checked
2006.02.01 1.0.0 initial release
<<<
Verbs become more complicated once descriptives, adpositions, and inflections for aspect and mood are added.
!Case Marking
Nouns are marked for case. Nominative is used for the subject, accusative for the primary (direct) object, and dative used for the secondary (indirect) object. {{ooc{In short, primary objects have stuff done to them, and secondary objects benefit from that.}}}
{{cent{
|Noun suffixes|c
| nominative | accusative | dative|h
| -jy | -ɯn | -as |
}}}
Usage & Exceptions:
* If there is no object (intransitive sentences), the subject doesn't need an suffix.
* Non-possessive [[personal pronouns|Type1Pronouns]] don't take case markers
* On nouns that do not have a final consonant, the first consonant is duplicated for the accusative and dative.
* Dative is used for meanings of 'to', 'toward', or 'for' and no adpositions is necessary for those basic meanings.
!!Examples
{{cent{
{{noborder{
| Intransitive |>|h
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''kichuŋɯk rɒŋalvulo''// |>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''kichuŋɯk-∅''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''rɒ<ŋa>lvulo''// (stem: //''rɒlvulo''//) |
|Kichuŋɯk-NOM |friend<3.SBJ>friend |
|Kichuŋɯk is a friend|>|
}}}
}}}
{{cent{
{{noborder{
| Monotransitive |>|>|>|>|>|h
|>|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''tyajy koŋayrwiβatamy''// |background-color:#ffc; OR |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''wiβawɯn koŋayrtytamy''// |>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''tya-jy''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ko<ŋa-yr>wiβa-tamy''// |~|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''wiβa-wɯn''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ko<ŋa-yr>ty-tamy''// | (stem: {{nya{kotamy}}}) |
|pebble-NOM |stuck<3.~SBJ-3.POBJ>there-stuck |~|there-ACC |stuck<3.~SBJ-3.POBJ>pebble-stuck |>|
|>|The pebble is stuck there |~|The pebble is stuck there|>|>|
| The second example shows the use of the [[combination form|CombinationForm]] on pebble. ({{nya{tya}}} → {{nya{ty}}}) |c
| Because Ŋyjichɯn has free word order, either the object or subject can come first. The first example is the more likely one and the second is given to clearly illustrate the case markings. See [[Word Order|WordOrder]] for more details |c
}}}
}}}
{{cent{
{{noborder{
| Ditransitive |>|>|>|h
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''wy kichuŋɯkas koŋayvofnyutɯvtamy''//|>|>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''wy-∅''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''kichuŋɯk-as''// ||font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ko<ŋa-yv-of>nyu-tɯvtamy''// |(stem: {{nya{kotɯvtamy}}}) |
|3SG.NOM | kichuŋɯk-DAT |write<3.~SBJ-3.~POBJ-3.SOBJ>it-write |>|
|He is writing it to Kichuŋɯk|>|>|>|
}}}
}}}
!Subordinate Clauses
Complementizers bracket the clause. They are formed from the demonstrative and query columns of Type2Pronouns. The whole clause becomes the primary object (in accusative case) and the verb of the main clause takes a primary object verb affix that matches the subject of the subordinate clause.
that: viββy (person), roβy (other living), zoβy (thing)
if: zɯ (general), vizɯ (person), rozɯ (other living)
Example:
lɯn-si-ɒz-kɯt-mirot mow, vizɯ wiβi ti-ɒz-yŋkyoŋ-jafɒ moan vizɯ
~FUT-feed-2.~SBJ-2POBJ-feed 2.SG, if here come-2.~SBJ-come-SBJV 2.~SG.ACC if
will-get-fed you, if here come you
you will get fed if you come here
!Independent Clauses
''Must'' involve the same subject or same primary object.
!!Coordinating Conjunctions
Conjunctions bracket the clause, clause is secondary object (dative case)
kɯn - and (additional information)
nina - or/but/yet (they x, but don't y = they x or not y) (contrasting information)
zor - so, consequences, result, therefore (he runs so he's in shape. I'm hungy so I should eat - eat would use hortative) (resulting information)
wiβi ti-ɒz-yŋkyoŋ moan zor lɯn-si-ɒz-kɯt-mirot mow
here come-2.~SBJ-come 2.SG.ACC so ~FUT-feed-2.~SBJ-2POBJ-fed 2.SG
here come you so will-get-fed you
you come here so you will get fed
Summary of changes to coda and initial consonants ([[Alternation]] rules 7 - 16):
{{cent{
|Rule # |background-color(#f2995e): 7 |background-color(#fe8): 8 |background-color(#ffd028): 9 |background-color(#EEC25A): 10 |background-color(#c68f4b): 11 |background-color(#ccc): 12 |background-color(#55a8c6): 13 |background-color(#7ce2af): 14 |background-color(#1ead68): 15 |background-color(#f7ae40): 16 | unaltered |
| first ↓<br>second → | m| n| ŋ| t| k| ch| j| f| v| s| z| β| r| w/l|h
|!m |background-color(#fe8): m |background-color(#c68f4b): nn |background-color(#f7ae40): ŋ^^1^^ |background-color(#c68f4b): nt |background-color(#c68f4b): nk |background-color(#ffd028): mf |background-color(#ffd028): mf |background-color(#ffd028): mf |background-color(#ffd028): mf |background-color(#ffd028): mf |background-color(#ffd028): mf |background-color(#f7ae40): β |background-color(#c68f4b): nr |background-color(#7ce2af): n |
|!n | nm | nn |background-color(#f7ae40): ŋ | nt | nk |background-color(#ffd028): ns |background-color(#ffd028): ns |background-color(#ffd028): ns |background-color(#ffd028): ns |background-color(#ffd028): ns |background-color(#ffd028): ns |background-color(#f7ae40): β | nr |background-color(#7ce2af): n |
|!ŋ |background-color(#ccc): nm |background-color(#ccc): nn |background-color(#f7ae40): ŋ |background-color(#ccc): nt | ŋk |background-color(#ffd028): nch |background-color(#ffd028): nch |background-color(#ffd028): mf |background-color(#ffd028): mf |background-color(#ffd028): ns |background-color(#ffd028): ns |background-color(#f7ae40): β |background-color(#ccc): nr |background-color(#7ce2af): n |
|!t |background-color(#ccc): tn | tn |background-color(#ccc): tn |background-color(#fe8): t |background-color(#ccc): kk | ch |background-color(#1ead68): dj | tf |background-color(#1ead68): dv | ts |background-color(#1ead68): dz |background-color(#1ead68): dβ | tr | tl |
|!k |background-color(#ccc): dm | kn | kŋ |background-color(#ccc): tt |background-color(#fe8): k | ch |background-color(#1ead68): dj |background-color(#ccc): tf |background-color(#1ead68): dv |background-color(#ccc): ts |background-color(#1ead68): dz |background-color(#1ead68): dβ |background-color(#ccc): tr | kl |
|!ch | chm | chn |background-color(#ccc): chn | cht | chk |background-color(#f2995e): ch |background-color(#f2995e): j |background-color(#f2995e): ch |background-color(#f2995e): z |background-color(#F2995E): s |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#ccc): vβ | chr | chl |
|!j | jm | jn |background-color(#ccc): jn | jt | jk |background-color(#F2995E): j |background-color(#F2995E): j |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#ccc): vβ | jr | jl |
|!f | fm | fn |background-color(#ccc): sn | ft |background-color(#7ce2af): ch^^2^^ |background-color(#F2995E): s |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): f |background-color(#F2995E): v |background-color(#F2995E): s |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#ccc): vβ | fr | fl |
|!v | vm | vn |background-color(#ccc): zn | vt |background-color(#7ce2af): j^^2^^ |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): v |background-color(#F2995E): v |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#ccc): vβ | vr | vl |
|!s |background-color(#ccc): sn | sn |background-color(#ccc): sn | st |background-color(#7ce2af): ch |background-color(#F2995E): s |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): s |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): s |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#ccc): vβ | sr | sl |
|!z |background-color(#ccc): zn | zn |background-color(#ccc): zn | zt |background-color(#7ce2af): j |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#F2995E): z |background-color(#ccc): vβ | zr | zl |
|!β |background-color(#c68f4b): vm |background-color(#c68f4b): vn |background-color(#ccc): zŋ^^1^^ |background-color(#c68f4b): vt |background-color(#7ce2af): j^^1 2^^ |background-color(#c68f4b): vch |background-color(#EEC25A): j |background-color(#c68f4b): vf |background-color(#EEC25A): v |background-color(#c68f4b): vs |background-color(#EEC25A): z |background-color(#fe8): β |background-color(#c68f4b): vr |background-color(#c68f4b): vl |
|!r | rm | rn |background-color(#ccc): rn |background-color(#55a8c6): rd |background-color(#55a8c6): rg |background-color(#55a8c6): rj |background-color(#EEC25A): j |background-color(#55a8c6): rv |background-color(#EEC25A): v |background-color(#55a8c6): rz |background-color(#EEC25A): z | rβ | rr |background-color(#f7ae40): r |
|!w/l |background-color(#f7ae40): m |background-color(#f7ae40): n |background-color(#f7ae40): ŋ |background-color(#ccc): lt |background-color(#f7ae40): k |background-color(#f7ae40): ch |background-color(#EEC25A): j | lf |background-color(#EEC25A): v | ls |background-color(#EEC25A): z | lβ |background-color(#f7ae40): r |background-color(#ccc): ll |
|!d |background-color(#ccc): dn | dn |background-color(#ccc): dn |background-color(#7ce2af): d |background-color(#7ce2af): g^^2^^ |background-color(#7ce2af): j | dj |background-color(#55a8c6): dv | dv |background-color(#55a8c6): dz | dz | dβ |background-color(#ccc): dβ | dw |
|!g | dm | gŋ | gŋ |background-color(#7ce2af): d |background-color(#7ce2af): g |background-color(#7ce2af): j |background-color(#1ead68): dj |background-color(#55a8c6): dv |background-color(#1ead68): dv |background-color(#55a8c6): dz |background-color(#1ead68): dz |background-color(#1ead68): dβ |background-color(#ccc): dr | gl |
| 1. Initial consonant changed by rule 11 <br> 2. Initial consonant changed by rule 12 |c
}}}
Background: #7f270b
SecondaryBackground: #fff
Foreground: #000
SecondaryPale: #6AC497
SecondaryLight: #178A4F
SecondaryMid: #276746
SecondaryDark: #085930
PrimaryPale: #ffc
PrimaryLight: #fe8
PrimaryMid: #db4
PrimaryDark: #B28C1A
TertiaryPale: #eee
TertiaryLight: #ccc
TertiaryMid: #999
TertiaryDark: #666
Error: #E2937A
Color words in Ŋyjichɯn are heavily associated with nature and the exact color meant is heavily context specific. The pictures below give a sampling of the hues associated.
[img[hafnxh.jpg]] [img[jasa.jpg]] [img[jio.jpg]] [img[jpxw.jpg]] [img[kixk.jpg]] [img[kouch.jpg]] [img[kyi.jpg]] [img[lyasim.jpg]]
To reference the color itself (or to create new color terms), the color is incorporated into {{nya{chanyki}}}, thus {{nya{chajɒwnyki}}}, white; {{nya{chalafonyki}}}, fire colored (from {{nya{waovo}}}, fire), etc. Metal terms (gold, bronze, copper, silver) would be associated with {{nya{lyasim}}}, even if the shade itself might fall under {{nya{ŋafnɯŋ}}} or {{nya{kiɯk}}}.
You'll note that most of the words have meaning beyond colors. Words will be given in Ŋyjichɯn alphabetical order.
{{cent{
| @@display:block;width:15em; Modern Ŋyjichɯn@@ | @@display:block;width:15em; English@@ | Notes |h
| {{nya{chanyki}}} | skin, surface, color | |
| {{nya{jɒɯw}}} | day, to be daytime, white, light | |
| {{nya{jio}}} | water, to be wet, to be liquid, juicy, black, brown, blue, green, blue | For colors it describes deep cool colors like black, brown, green, and blue. The base color is black/brown. May also be used how we would use 'tomato red' to evoke the flavor |
| {{nya{jasa}}} | fruit, flower, pink, red, magenta, purple | References flowers and describes anything from pale pink to vibrant purple |
| {{nya{ŋafnɯŋ}}} | child, unripe, green, raw, yellow, pale | When used as a color it's the color of unripe fruit, early morning sky, young shoots and grass, and can cover white, yellow, and light greens |
| {{nya{kyi}}} | ripe, adult, mature, full-size, green, blue | When used for colors it means the green of ripe vegetables, or noon-sky (vibrant greens and blues) |
| {{nya{kiɯk}}} | blood, red, orange | Describes the color of blood. |
| {{nya{kiɯkjio}}} | red-brown | Given as an example of combining colors. From {{nya{kiɯk}}} and {{nya{jio}}} |
| {{nya{kouch}}} | night, dark, black | Describes the dark, usually blue and unsaturated colors, you would observe at night. |
| {{nya{lyasim}}} | stone, grey, beige, pale, yellow, tan, off-white | Primarily inorganic colors (the color of stones), but also pale bark, the yellow of wheat, etc |
}}}
In moments of disfluency, a speaker might use the full word or make a combo form only by dropping syllables as in step nine and ten.
# First one must know the [[stress|Stress]] pattern of the word.
#The rules noted in [[sound change|Alternation]] are applied.
# In multi-syllable words for the initial syllable, whether stressed or unstressed, drop the final consonant (if any) and drop the second vowel in a diphthong or long vowel.
## ''jai''so → jaso
## (βit''ki''ka) βitkyka → βikyka
# Vowel-initial syllables are dropped.
## (vy'''y''ka) vi'yka → vika
# For medial stressed syllables, drop the final consonant (if any) and drop the second vowel in a diphthong or long vowel.
## (ŋo''lyr''tyi) mowyrtyi → mowytyi
## (fo''lɒɒ''ki) fowɒɒti → fowɒti
# For medial or final unstressed syllables, drop everything but the consonant (final if it has one), and attach to the previous syllable.
## βikyka → βikyk
## jaso → jas
## vika → vik
## mowytyi → mowyt
## fowɒti → fowɒt
# If you end up with an illegal consonant cluster, the last is kept.
# For final stressed syllables, or single syllable words, drop the second vowel in a diphthong or long vowel.
# Duplicated syllables are dropped.
# If the word is still over three syllables, the second syllable, then any syllable between the third and last are dropped.
!!Irregular
There are a few varieties of irregular combination forms.
;''Type 1.'' Uses an archaic form of the word.
:''Examples:''
:: {{nya{joowlɒ → jaw}}} not {{nya{{{bad{*zol}}}}}}
;''Type 2.'' Uses the paucal or plural
:''Examples:''
:: {{nya{jotro → jorɯr}}} not {{nya{{{bad{*zar}}}}}}
;''Type 3.'' The abbreviation is traditional and usually the first syllable of the word or matches the spelling
:''Examples:''
:: {{nya{joztiizz → jozti}}} not {{nya{{{bad{*jori}}}}}}
;''Type 4.'' Changed to be closer to the spelling (for words with significant alternation)
:''Examples:''
:: {{nya{zanko → zoka}}} not {{nya{{{bad{*zosa}}}}}}
config.options.chkShowStartupBreadcrumbs=true;
config.options.chkBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers=false;
config.options.txtBreadcrumbsLimitOpenTiddlers=30;
config.macros.breadcrumbs.homeSeparator=" ";
config.macros.breadcrumbs.crumbSeparator=" ";
!Sound Changes
See [[Taijin consonants|TConsonants]] and [[Wanrin consonants|WConsonants]].
''Taijin''
ŋ → n
ch → ts
j → dz
β → r
''Wanrin''
s → ʃ (sh)
z → ʒ (zh)
v → f
Compare with the [[Type II Pronouns|Type2Pronouns]]. These do not mark number. When used as verbs, are [[irregular|IrregularVerbs]]. They act like verbs, taking the same affixes, and are placed before the verb-noun phrase if they don't incorporate the noun.
{{cent{
|>| |border-left:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid;border-right:2px solid; query |>|border-right:2px solid; demonstrative |>|>|>|>| quantifier |>|border-left:2px solid; proximity |h
|>|border-bottom:2px solid; |~|border-left:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid; this |border-bottom:2px solid; that |border-bottom:2px solid;border-left:2px solid; some |border-bottom:2px solid; any |border-bottom:2px solid; no |border-bottom:2px solid; every |border-bottom:2px solid; alternative |border-left:2px solid; proximal | distal |h
|! |! base |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{zɯ}}} |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{βi}}} | {{nya{βa}}} |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{to}}} | {{nya{sa}}} | {{nya{katɯ}}} | {{nya{lɯvu}}} | {{nya{nina}}} |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{mym}}} | {{nya{zan}}} |
|!place |! {{nya{limu}}} |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{lizɯ}}} (where?) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{liβi}}} (here) | {{nya{liβa}}} (there) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{lito}}} (somewhere) | {{nya{lisa}}} (anywhere) | {{nya{lika}}} (nowhere) | {{nya{lilɯvu}}} (everywhere) | {{nya{nili}}} (elsewhere) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{mymli}}} (near) | {{nya{zanli}}} (far) |
|!source |! {{nya{syzy}}} |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{syzɯ}}} (whence?) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{syβi}}} (hence) | {{nya{syβa}}} (thence) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{syto}}} (from somewhere) | {{nya{sysa}}} (from wherever) ||||border-left:2px solid; {{nya{mymsy}}} (going from here) | {{nya{zansy}}} (coming from there) |
|!destination |! {{nya{chɯjy}}} |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{chɯzɯ}}} (whither? to where?) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{chɯβi}}} (hither, to here) | {{nya{chɯβa}}} (thither, to there) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{chɯto}}} (to somewhere) | {{nya{chɯsa}}} (to wherever) ||||border-left:2px solid; {{nya{mymchɯ}}} (coming here) | {{nya{zanchɯ}}} (going away) |
|!time |! {{nya{kokɯ}}} |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{kozɯ}}} (when?) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{koβi}}} (now) | {{nya{koβa}}} (then) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{koto}}} (sometime) | {{nya{kosa}}} (whenever) | {{nya{koka}}} (never) | {{nya{kolɯvu}}} (always) | {{nya{niko}}} (some other time) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{mymko}}} (soon) | {{nya{zanko}}} (distant from now) |
|!way, manner |! {{nya{fɯchi}}} |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{fɯzɯ}}} (how?) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{fɯβi}}} (thus / hereby) | {{nya{fɯβa}}} (thereby) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{fɯto}}} (somehow) | {{nya{fɯsa}}} (anyhow / however) | {{nya{fɯka}}} (no way) | {{nya{fɯlɯvu}}} (everyway) | {{nya{niffy}}} (otherwise) |border-left:2px solid; | |
|!reason |! {{nya{ryyr}}} |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{ryyzɯ}}} (why?) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{ryyβi}}} (because) | {{nya{ryyβa}}} (also because) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{ryyto}}} (for some reason) | {{nya{ryysa}}} (for any reason) | {{nya{ryyka}}} (for no reason) |||border-left:2px solid; | |
|You can also see this table specifically for the [[Taijin|TDescriptors]] or [[Wanrin|WDescriptors]].|c
}}}
;These can also be combined, for example:
: {{nya{kochɯβa}}}, toward then ({{nya{ko}}}, time + {{nya{chɯβa}}}, thither)
: {{nya{kochɯβi}}}, toward now ({{nya{ko}}}, time + {{nya{chɯβi}}}, hither)
!(Work in Progress)
The Ŋyjichɯn live in small towns in the forests. Generally the majority of the village will be in the trees, either suspended or built into the tree. This can cause the town to look smaller than it is as it is several levels, with most of it hidden by branches. They do a little farming, but most food is gathered from the forest's bounties or traded for.
For the Eastern tribes, that became the Taijin, society was divided not by sex but by one's primary role: gatherer / farmer (mychsy), or hunter (βych). The hunters might be gone for a month on end tracking a herd, then return with a bounty of not just meat, but plant delicacies they gathered on the way. The Western tribes, that became the Wanrin, was devoted to trade and arts, however they were not opposed to using their young appearance to take advantage of outsiders, either by getting better deals or outright stealing. Both the Taijin and Wanrin value cleverness above all else. However for the Taijin that cleverness comes by physical skill, whether killing something much more dangerous than oneself or counting coup on one's rivals. The Wanrin on the other hand value clever acts of thievery (while the stolen object may be returned as soon as it's discovered), invention, and art, including wordplay.
It is not difficult to tell a Taijin from a Wanrin. The Taijin are a little taller and are always armed. Additionally, they wear their hair tied up, usually in ornate braids, to keep it from being a hindrance when fighting. The Wanrin tend to look a little younger and wear brighter colors. They are also prone to conspicuous displays of wealth, wearing bright jewels in their hair or as earrings, necklaces, or bangles, and childishness and pranks. The Wanrin travel more, although the Taijin may be used as mercenaries.
kotoa is what seperates a person from an animal.
In Taijin culture, the fictive family is more valued than the the blood family. Family members who are especially beloved may be referred to with the fictive term. In Wanrin culture, blood comes first.
Nyji believe loves comes from behind the ears and thought comes from the chest.
""" {{class{Text}}} """
Classes already defined are .ooc (out of character) .ipa (IPA), and .nya, a custom ordered list (.romList), and a borderless table (.noBorder)
{{ooc{Example out of character text}}}
{{ipa{Example IPA text}}}
{{nya{Example Nyazchan text}}}
{{romList{
# One
## Two
### Three
}}}
To get the tables centered they must be in a div. Example:
{{cent{
|test1|test2|test3|
|test4|test5|test6|
}}}
{{{
{{cent{
|test1|test2|test3|
|test4|test5|test6| }}}
}}}
Images stretched (or squished) to 100% with .stretch
[[Introduction]]
TableofContents
TagCloud
!(Work in Progress)
A great many Nyji words are derived via onomatopoeia.
!Compounding
Compound words involving a noun are created using [[NounIncorporation]].
Adj-adj, verb-adj, verb-prep, and verb-verb just shoves them together using the normal (non-combo) form.
Compound nouns where the syllable that would pluralize is irregular will also be irregular (kiɯkjio has no plural, because jio has no plural)
The general order is verb, adjective, noun, anything else
!Sentence Words
Many compound words are derived using the following method:
;A sentence
:{{nya{nyu ŋa-zyv-zyich ŋa-fyv-fi-ji-im}}}
:it 3.~SBJ-3.~OBJ-over 3.~SBJ-3.~OBJ-stand-water.ACC
:It stands over water.
;Drop the affixes and pronouns (but an adverb doesn't drop the suffixed verb part)
:{{nya{zyich fi-jio-im}}}
: jio mo-ŋa-ras firyr-as → jio moras firyr-as
;Nouns and verbs without incorporated objects change to the [[combination form|CombinationForm]]. Adverbs go in the combo form, but the suffix is unchanged. Verbs with objects are modified to fit the phonotactics, usually by dropping a consonant.
write = words stay, word = txv, stay = kormyl = kotxvrmyl Drop offending 'r' = kotxvmyl
:{{nya{zyich}}} → {{nya{zy}}}
:{{nya{fi-jio-im}}} → {{nya{fi-jio-m}}}
;Final result
:{{nya{zyfijiom}}}
Further examples of this method can be seen [[here|SentenceWords]].
!Affixes
There are lots of [[affixes|AffixesDerivation]]
some idioms
carry heavy weight = to be sad
to sharpen one's blade = to prepare
to stab (with flying weapon) a fly = do very best / hit bullseye
hunt a tiger = take on too much, make an unwise decision, overdo it
(try) to lift a tree = (try) to do something impossible
hear flood = to get angry (to see red)
!(Work in Progress)
Adjectives mostly act like verbs and only take the affix of the word they are describing. They also pluralize to match the noun or nouns. If they don't incorporate the noun, they go after.
;Examples
: {{nya{jɯinkɯi}}}, sharp
: {{nya{lɯβfɯt}}}, complete, whole, total
The noun becomes the object of the adjective (and then the whole thing is treated like a noun and possibly further incorporated - dropping the verb affixes that are in the adjective)
: Sharp weapon (as subject)
: {{nya{jɯin-ŋa-vakomfy-kɯi-jy}}}
: sharp-(va.3.SBJ)-weapon-(na.SBJ)
In a simple sentence the adjective becomes the verb.
;For example
: The knife is sharp. (The knife sharps.)
: {{nya{jɯnkɯ jɯin-ŋa-kɯi}}}
: knife sharp-(3rd.subj)
!Adverbs
If they are describing a verb or adverb, they add the final vowel(s) and consonant (if any) of the verb as a suffix. If the final syllable of the adverb has a long vowel or diphthong with no coda, or the verb ends in a long vowel or dipththong, the adverb also takes the first consonant of the verb's final syllable.
(example:
rises fast - moras firyr-as
but if it was firyy, then would become firyy-ras)
!order of adjectives
the most important one incorporates the noun. the rest are marked with the proper case to match that noun. head-initial (house red)
order (http://tech.groups.yahoo.com/group/conlang/message/164762)
opinon, origin/nationality, shape, color, age, material, condition, purpose/qualifier, quantity, noun
!Convert to a Descriptive Word
To make other parts of speech into description words, add {{nya{atry}}} or {{nya{atr}}} after the first consonant.
; {{nya{ryko}}}, hair, fur, fuzz → {{nya{ratryyko}}}, hairy, furry, fuzzy
; {{nya{jio}}}, water → {{nya{jatrio}}}, juicy, watery
Descriptives are words that describe other words. They come after the word they're describing (head-initial), but in a series of descriptives the most important one [[incorporates|NounIncorporation]] the noun. The descriptive agrees with the noun in number and takes the matching verb affix. In a simple sentence, the descriptive simply acts as the verb.
Continuing with the vocabulary from before, here are two examples of sentences with a descriptive as the verb.
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''chun lyŋaasim''// |>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''chun-∅''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ly<ŋa>asim''// |
|cat-NOM |grey<3.SBJ>grey |
|The cat is grey|>|
}}} {{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''lychumasim raŋatry’yakkin''// |>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ly-chum-asim-∅''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ra<ŋa>try’yakkin''// |
|grey-cat-grey-NOM |fuzzy<3.SBJ>fuzzy |
|The grey cat is fuzzy|>|
}}}The descriptive and noun may then be further incorporated into the verb by dropping any inflection affixes. Note how {{nya{ly-chum-asim}}} (grey cat) from the previous example is incorporated unchanged into {{nya{fɒmfomfii}}} (to run). @@(need an example with an object so they can see the dropping of affixes)@@
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ŋafɒlychumasimɒmfomfii raŋatry’yakkin''// |>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ŋa-fɒ-ly-chum-asim-ɒmfomfii''// (stem: {{nya{fɒmfomfii}}}) |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ra<ŋa>try’yakkin''// |
|3.~SBJ-run-grey-cat-grey-run |fuzzy<3.SBJ>fuzzy |
|grey cat runs |fuzzy |
|The grey fuzzy cat runs |>|
The next example demonstrates how the descriptive ({{nya{lyasim}}}) will show a paucal ({{nya{lyasyymmi}}}) or plural even as the incorporated noun remains unchanged.
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ŋooŋfɒlychumasyymmiɒmfomfii raŋooŋtry’yakkin''// |>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ŋooŋ-fɒ-ly-chum-asyymmi-ɒmfomfii''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ra<ŋooŋ>try’yakkin''// |
|3.~SBJ-run-grey.~PAU-cat-grey-run |fuzzy<3.SBJ>fuzzy |
|grey cats run |fuzzy |
|The grey fuzzy cats run |>|
Note that {{nya{ratry’yakkin}}} (fuzzy) is a [[Type 1 Irregular Noun|IrregularNouns]] otherwise it would also inflect for number.
<!--{{{-->
<div class='toolbar' macro='toolbar [[ToolbarCommands::EditToolbar]]'></div>
<div class='title' macro='view title'></div>
<div class='editor' macro='edit title'></div>
<div macro='annotations'></div>
<div class='editor' macro='edit text'></div>
<div class='editor' macro='edit tags'></div><div class='editorFooter'><span macro='message views.editor.tagPrompt'></span><span macro='tagChooser excludeLists'></span></div>
<!--}}}-->
{{ooc{there are some entries missing from the blood relations lexicon and the entry for grandparent under fictive is wrong. Also, need to change a bunch of stuff.}}}
In Ŋyjichɯn, you can have three sets of family: your blood relatives ({{nya{taknɒnko}}}), your in-laws ({{nya{mutyil}}}), and your fictive or self-adopted family ({{nya{wykjaaŋ}}}). The Ŋyjichɯn differentiate between older and younger siblings and cousins, but not by gender. Additionally, for relatives in one's parents' and grandparents' generations, they differentiate between {{nya{βych}}} and {{nya{mychsy}}}.
!Blood Relations ({{nya{taknɒnko}}})
Click to enlarge.
{{stretch{ [img[blood relatives|blood-kinship.gif][blood-kinship.gif]] }}}
!In-laws ({{nya{mutyil}}})
In-law refers //only// to one's spouse's family. Spouse's of blood relatives referred to as 'my (blank's) spouse).'
{{stretch{ [img[in-laws|spouse-kinship.gif][spouse-kinship.gif]] }}}
!Fictive ({{nya{wykjaaŋ}}})
In Taijin culture, the fictive family is more valued than the the blood family. Family members who are especially beloved may be referred to with the fictive term. In Wanrin culture, blood comes first.
{{stretch{ [img[blood relatives|fictive-kinship.gif][fictive-kinship.gif]] }}}
!Lexicon
{{cent{
| @@display:block;width:20em; Modern Ŋyjichɯn@@ | English | [[Irregular?|IrregularNouns]] | Notes |h
| Family Terms |>|>|>|h
| {{nya{taknɒnko}}} | family (blood relations) | Type 1 irregular | Used only to refer to blood relations. |
| {{nya{mutyil}}} | spouse's family (in-laws) | Type 1 irregular | Used only to refer to spouse's family, not spouses of blood relatives |
| {{nya{wykjaaŋ}}} | friends that are closer than blood, fictive family, self-adopted family | Type 1 irregular | Compare the idea of blood brothers, nakama, etc |
| {{nya{Taknɒnko}}} (Blood) |>|>|>|h
| {{nya{juisi}}} <br> pau: {{nya{jiissi}}} <br> plu: {{nya{jissi}}} | younger cousin | Type 3 irregular | Used for any non-sibling that is in the same generation as you |
| {{nya{jɯkano}}} <br> pau: {{nya{jɯkkoono}}} <br> plu: {{nya{jɯkkano}}} | cousin, whether older or younger (dyadic term) | Type 4 irregular | Rarely used. Sounds impersonal. For blood relatives only. |
| {{nya{kasy}}} <br> pau & plu: {{nya{kassy}}} | older cousin | Type 2 irregular | Used for any non-sibling relative that is in the same generation as you. |
| {{nya{komŋir}}} <br> pau: {{nya{komŋyyrri}}} <br> plu: {{nya{komŋirri}}} | spouse | no | |
| {{nya{kotɯty}}} <br> pau & plu: {{nya{kotɯty}}} | sibling, whether older or younger (dyadic term) | Type 1 irregular | Rarely used and sounds impersonal |
| {{nya{ŋafnyŋ}}} <br> pau: {{nya{ŋafnɯɯŋŋɯ}}} <br> plu: {{nya{ŋafnɯŋŋɯ}}} | child | no | |
| {{nya{niwyt}}} <br> pau: {{nya{niwyyty}}} <br> plu: {{nya{niwytty}}} | grandchild | no | |
| {{nya{ŋɯ'i'ɒlin}}} <br> pau: {{nya{ŋɯliinni}}} <br> plu: {{nya{ŋɯilinni}}} | {{nya{mychsyh}}} grandparent | Type 5 irregular | Used for any relative the same generation or older as one's grandparents as well |
| {{nya{ro'ɒ'ryi}}} <br> pau: {{nya{ro'oo"ɒ'ryi}}} <br> plu: {{nya{ro'ɒɒ'ryi}}} | grandparent, grandchild (dyadic term) | no | Rarely used. Sounds impersonal. |
| {{nya{ruzchɒm}}} <br> pau: {{nya{ruzchoommɒ}}} <br> plu: {{nya{ruzchɒmmɒ}}} | Parent, child (dyadic term) | no | Rarely used and sounds impersonal. |
| {{nya{si'ɯ'kɯ}}} <br> pau: {{nya{sɯɯkɯ}}} <br> plu: {{nya{sookɯ}}} | older sibling | Type 5 irregular | |
| {{nya{sujai}}} <br> pau: {{nya{sujyyja}}} <br> plu: {{nya{sujaija}}} | {{nya{mychsyh}}} parent | no | |
| {{nya{tɒfyn}}} <br> pau & plu: {{nya{tɒfynny}}} | niece, nephew | Type 2 irregular | Used for any blood relative that is the same generation or younger than one's children. |
| {{nya{tɒsɯk}}} <br> pau: {{nya{tɒsɯɯkkɯ}}} <br> plu: {{nya{tɒsɯkkɯ}}} | {{nya{βych}}} parent | no | |
| {{nya{totɒzɯ}}} <br> pau & plu: {{nya{tottɒzɯ}}} | {{nya{βych}}} grandparent | Type 2 irregular | Used for any relative the same generation or older as one's grandparents as well |
| {{nya{zufry}}} <br> pau & plu: {{nya{zuffy}}} | younger sibling | Type 2 irregular | |
| {{nya{Mutyil}}} (In-laws) |>|>|>|h
| {{nya{kafɒ}}} <br> pau & plu: {{nya{kaffɒ}}} | spouse's {{nya{βych}}} grandparent | Type 2 irregular | Used for any relative the same generation or older as spouse's grandparent as well |
| {{nya{kilɯyr}}} <br> pau: {{nya{kilyyrry}}} <br> plu: {{nya{kilɯyrry}}} | spouse's {{nya{βych}}} aunt or uncle | Used for any of spouse's relatives the same generation as their parents as well |
| {{nya{kylius}}} <br> pau: {{nya{kylɯɯsu}}} <br> plu: {{nya{kyliussu}}} | spouse's older cousin | no | |
| {{nya{mail}}} <br> pau: {{nya{myylli}}} <br> plu: {{nya{mailli}}} | spouse's {{nya{mychsyh}}} aunt or uncle | Used for any of spouse's relatives the same generation as their parents as well |
| {{nya{roɯchiɯs}}} <br> pau: {{nya{roɯchɯɯssɯ}}} <br> plu: {{nya{roɯchiɯssɯ}}} | spouse's {{nya{mychsyh}}} parent | no | |
| {{nya{rɯny}}} <br> pau: {{nya{rɯnnyy}}} <br> plu: {{nya{rɯnnyy}}} | spouse's niece or nephew | Type 2 irregular | Used for any of spouse's relatives the same generation as one's children as well |
| {{nya{rurmuzu}}} <br> pau: {{nya{rurmuuzu}}} <br> plu: {{nya{rurmuzu}}} | spouse's {{nya{mychsyh}}} grandparent | Type 4 irregular | Used for any relative the same generation or older as spouse's grandparent as well |
| {{nya{ryɯnysiu}}} <br> pau: {{nya{ryɯnyynysiu}}} <br> plu: {{nya{ryɯnynysiu}}} | child-in-law, parent-in-law | no | Rarely used. Sounds impersonal. |
| {{nya{sɒmyry}}} <br> pau: {{nya{sɒmymyyry}}} <br> plu: {{nya{sɒmymyry}}} | spouse's {{nya{βych}}} parent | no | |
| {{nya{silik}}} <br> pau: {{nya{silkii}}} <br> plu: {{nya{silikki}}} | spouse's younger sibling | Type 5 irregular | |
| {{nya{suɯs}}} <br> pau: {{nya{sussuu}}} <br> plu: {{nya{sussu}}} | spouse's younger cousin | Type 3 irregular | |
| {{nya{tɒar}}} <br> pau: {{nya{toorra}}} <br> plu: {{nya{tɒarra}}} | spouse's older sibling | no | |
| {{nya{Wykjaaŋ}}} (Fictive) |>|>|>|h
| {{nya{kiŋza}}} <br> pau: {{nya{kiizza}}} <br> plu: {{nya{kizza}}} | older sibling, fictive | Type 4 irregular | One of the most common wykjaaŋ relationships |
| {{nya{laso}}} <br> pau: {{nya{laasso}}} <br> plu: {{nya{lasso}}} | older cousin, fictive | Type 4 irregular | |
| {{nya{lirɒo}}} <br> pau: {{nya{lirroo}}} <br> plu: {{nya{lirɒro}}} | younger sibling, fictive | Type 5 irregular | One of the most common wykjaaŋ relationships |
| {{nya{sɯksoi}}} <br> pau: {{nya{sɯkkoo}}} <br> plu: {{nya{sɯkko}}} | parent, uncle, aunt, fictive | Type 4 irregular | |
| {{nya{tysɯ}}} <br> pau & plu: {{nya{tyssɯ}}} | younger cousin, fictive | Type 2 irregular | |
| {{nya{takɒlij}}} <br> pau & plu: {{nya{takkɒlij}}} | child, niece, nephew, or grandchild, fictive | Type 2 irregular | |
| {{nya{myuvzy}}} <br> pau: {{nya{yuuvzzy}}} <br> plu: {{nya{yuvzzy}}} | grandparents, fictive | Type 4 irregular | |
}}}
TiddlyWiki <<version>>
To get started with this blank [[TiddlyWiki]], you'll need to modify the following tiddlers:
* [[SiteTitle]] & [[SiteSubtitle]]: The title and subtitle of the site, as shown above (after saving, they will also appear in the browser title bar)
* [[MainMenu]]: The menu (usually on the left)
* [[DefaultTiddlers]]: Contains the names of the tiddlers that you want to appear when the TiddlyWiki is opened
You'll also need to enter your username for signing your edits: <<option txtUserName>>
Summary:
language
gloss
free translation
Detail:
Language
→ Split by morphemes, each word in a cell
→ Gloss lining up with above
Free translation
Infixes are handled thusly:
stem<infixes>stem (stem: stem)
<infixes>stem gloss
Incorporated words are handled thusly:
stem-incorporated-stem
stem.gloss-incorporated.gloss-stem.gloss (stem: stem)
Example:
{{cent{
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''wy kichuŋɯkas koŋayvofnyutɯvtamy''//|>|>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''wy-∅''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''kichuŋɯk-as''// |//''ko<ŋa-yv-of>nyu-tɯvtamy''// |(stem: {{nya{kotɯvtamy}}}) |
|3SG.NOM | kichuŋɯk-DAT |write<3.~SBJ-3.~POBJ-3.SOBJ>it-write |>|
|He is writing it for Kichuŋɯk|>|>|>|
}}}
}}}
http://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php
1 first person
2 second person
3 third person
ACC accusative
IMP imperative
NEG negation, negative
NOM nominative
PL plural
POSS possessive
PST past
Q question particle/marker
SBJ subject
SG singular
Ø - non-obvert
DAT dative
POBJ primary object
SOBJ secondary object
!!!!This guide is meant as a grammar of Middle Ŋyjichɯn, the ancestor of the Wanrin and Taijin dialect families, with some discussion of those dialects, the Ŋɯɒzjuu culture, and related topics. This guide will be presented primarily in the standard transliteration, along with notes for pronunciation.
{{ooc{Out of character notes will be in this style. Because I'm not so great at linguistics, and tend to work in spurts with long breaks between, I'm going to try to make heavy annotations so I can remember what stuff means.
This is a constructed language inspired by Thundercats (the original cartoon and comics from Star and Marvel), and meant to be the native language of Wilykit and Wilykat ({{nya{Wolvikyi}}} and {{nya{Wyβkyo'yt}}} in Ŋyjichɯn - see [[Names]]) and my original character Felino ({{nya{Fallinŋuu}}}). Wilykit and Wilykat are from a Wanrin nation and Felino is from a Taijin nation.}}}
!Ŋyjichɯn History
Ŋyjichɯn dialects are spoken across the forests of (someplace – I really need a map of Thundera). Generally known as Wildcat clans, their word for their people is {{nya{Ŋɯɒzjuu}}} but the abbreviated form {{nya{Ŋyji}}} is more commonly used. Both forms will be used throughout this guide.
Middle Ŋyjichɯn is dated to about 700 years ago, when teachers from the Southeastern Ŋɯɒzjuu lands spread a new form of writing north and west. The traditional role of storyteller soon became a scribe, maintaining not only oral traditions, but records of familes, names, and significant events. These new scribes assisted the village elders with diplomatic letters, allowing stronger bonds to be formed between areas and the first true Ŋɯɒzjuu nations to be created. With greater stability, literacy and other education grew, and about 300 years ago a spelling reform grew spontaneously, with scholars from across Ŋyjichɯn-speaking nations coming together to set 'proper' spellings. These spellings are preserved to this day, although spoken Ŋyjichɯn has continued to evolve.
Modern Ŋyjichɯn, including the dialects of the Taijin and Wanrin nations, is dated to the shift away from gender roles that culminated in personal pronouns marking proximity instead of gender, and the rise of the βych and mychsy distinction in the Western Taijin nation.
!Ŋɯɒzjuu People
The most recognized feature of Ŋɯɒzjuu is that individuals grow only two-thirds as fast as other Thunderians (that is, a twelve-year-old will look eight, a 21-year-old will look 14, a 54-year-old will look 36, etc) and never grow as tall (the average is 4.5 feet, with 5 feet being considered tall).
Speakers of the Wanrin dialects live in the east, among the more diverse landscape of hills, patchy forest, and meadows. They have interacted more heavily with outsiders and form the basis for most people’s idea of Ŋɯɒzjuu. They rely on trade and create beautiful metalwork.
Taijin speakers live in the more isolated and heavily forested west. They are fierce fighters and creators of detailed basketry, woodcarving, and carpentry. They sometimes hire themselves out as mercenaries and body guards.
The Wanrin tribes are more numerous than the Taijin, although there is a spectrum between the two. Both groups take at least two names in their lifetime, a birth or child name and an adult name rewarded after performing some worthy feat.
!Overview of Modern Ŋyjichɯn
Ŋyjichɯn’s rules of [[stress|Stress]] and [[alternation|Alternation]] make proper pronunciation slightly obscure. For example, Ŋyjichɯn is pronounced {{ipa{/ɱɪ.ˈdʒi.ʧɯŋ/}}} / {{nya{<mi.jy.chɯŋ>}}}. While pronouncing things as spelled is acceptable, one will sound archaic.
Modern Ŋyjichɯn is a polysynthetic language with heavy noun incorporation, affixing, and reduplication. This can result in sentences contained in a single word. While Ŋyjichɯn nominally has a subject-object-verb word order, in practice it marks importance with free word order.
While written records are scarce, it appears that Middle Ŋyjichɯn smoothed out a lot of Old Ŋyjichɯn’s oddities, changing most paradigms to regular forms. Along the way many of Old Ŋyjichɯn’s compound words became unanalyzable, including {{nya{Ŋɯɒzjuu}}}, which seems to mean //‘people of the trees’// or //‘people given the trees’//. One result of this is that Middle and Modern Ŋyjichɯn has a range of roots covering what Ylis speakers would consider the same meaning space. It is theorized that a cause of this was borrowing from one or more now-extinct languages, although concrete proof of this is scarce.
{{ooc{Ylis is the Thunderian equivalent of English - it's the language of the most powerful state - and is the language of Jaga, Lion-o, etc. I'll be using it as a stand-in for English. One may assume that anything in given in English is really Ylis.}}}
!Irregular Pacauls and Plurals
There are five categories of irregular nouns.
; ''Type 1''. No plural or paucal. Many of these are terms for groups, collective nouns, or indivisible nouns.
:: The most common.
: ''Examples:''
:: {{nya{ryakkin}}}, hair, fur, fuzz
:: {{nya{jio}}}, water
; ''Type 2''. The plural and paucal are the same, often irregular, form
: Usually this is because a syllable was shortened in the plural or because the paucal would have changed a long vowel.
: ''Examples:''
:: {{nya{jɒɯw}}}, day → {{nya{jɯɯw}}}
:: {{nya{za'y'rtɒ}}}, foot → {{nya{zayrrytɒ}}}
:: {{nya{vy'yka}}}, warmth → {{nya{vy'yyka}}}
; ''Type 3''. Undergoes a sound change in the plural, usually by shortening a long vowel. There is no sound change in the paucal, aside from lengthening the vowel.
: ''Examples:''
:: {{nya{kouch}}}, night → paucal {{nya{koochu}}} → plural {{nya{kochu}}}
:: {{nya{liuw}}}, life → paucal {{nya{liiwli}}} → plural {{nya{liwli}}}
:: {{nya{jyor}}}, he, she, it → paucal {{nya{joorro}}} → plural {{nya{jorro}}}
; ''Type 4''. A combination of Type 1 or Type 2 and Type 3. The plural is irregular; the paucal lengthens the verb.
: ''Examples:''
:: {{nya{chɯŋ}}}, talk → paucal {{nya{chuuŋŋu}}} → plural {{nya{chuŋŋu}}}
:: {{nya{sɒɯlyβ}}}, hand → paucal {{nya{syywβy}}} → plural {{nya{sɒwβy}}}
; ''Type 5''. Some are just plain irregular and are holdovers from Old and Middle Ŋyjichɯn.
:: Many of these are [[pronouns|Pronouns]].
: ''Examples''
:: {{nya{mow}}}, you → paucal {{nya{muw}}} → plural {{nya{mowwo}}}
:: {{nya{zɯt}}}, I, we → paucal {{nya{jit}}} → plural {{nya{jitto}}}
:: {{nya{βulɒot}}}, hour → paucal {{nya{βuotto}}} → plural {{nya{βulotto}}}
Often if a word is irregular, all words derived from it will be irregular as well. For example: {{nya{ryakkin}}} (hair, fur, fuzz) is a Type 1 irregular, as is {{nya{ryakryojyŋkin}}} (wig) and {{nya{ratry'yakkin}}} (hairy, furry, fuzzy).
First one needs to know the difference between regular and irregular verbs. Regular verbs that are multi-syllable take the polypersonal affixes after the first vowel, while irregular and single-syllable verbs are prefixed by the polypersonal agreement markers.
Using the regular verb {{nya{za'yrtɒ}}} (to travel by foot, to walk) and the irregular verb {{nya{fɒmfomfii}}} (to run on four legs, to gallop) as illustrations, the verb slots are thus:
{{noborder{
{{cent{
|Regular:|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|h
|(tense) |(neg.) |{{nya{za-}}} |(sbj agr.) |(prim. obj agr.) |(sec. obj agr.) |(inc. noun) |{{nya{-'yrtɒ}}} |(mood) |(aspect) |
|Irregular and single syllable:|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|h
|(tense) |(neg.) |(sbj agr.) |(prim. obj agr.) |(sec. obj agr.) |{{nya{fɒ-}}} |(inc. noun) |{{nya{-mfomfii}}} |(mood) |(aspect) |
}}}
}}}
The vast majority of Ŋyjichɯn words can act as descriptors, verbs, or nouns as needed (with the exception of Type I pronouns and particles). Therefore, the part of speech is only marked if it can not change without alternations. Those marked as noun can only be a verb in the sense of //'to be a x'//.
Those words that have sound changes from the spelling will have an entry under 'phonetic'. Although the stress pattern is regular, it is given here as an aid to pronunciation.
{{ooc{I was going to have the full lexicon here, then decided that was too much and that that can stay in the Excel file. I'll have thematic pages instead.}}}
[[Colors]]
[[Family]]
[[SampleNumbers]]
[[Introduction]]
[[TableofContents]]
[[GettingStarted]]
[[TagCloud]]
Depending on the area and tradition, names may be formed by incorporating or compounding. All names are unisex.
Felino = fallinŋuu = brave monkey
Wilykat = wyβkyo'yt = nine times able (super capable)
Wilykit = wolvikyi = soft and green
Jajɒwsa - flower day
Kichuŋɯk - red cat
Kykyŋlyti - blue wind
Kimichyɯk - blood scale
Risaryamyal - sky berry
Tytytmyf - sweet speck
Adult names are granted based on accomplishments.
In contexts where the character-set is limited to the basic Latin alphabet (or it's otherwise inconvenient) or to single characters, the following substitutions are used:
* ŋ → h
* β → B
* ch → c
* ɯ → x
* ɒ → p
For example, 'hafnoh' for {{nya{ŋafnoŋ}}} or 'Biwaot' for {{nya{βiwaot}}}.
{{ooc{I mostly end up using this when I'm writing stuff in Word or Excel. While the substitutions make no phonetic sense, they've visually similar enough (except for ɯ) that I can remember to change them.}}}
Generally speaking, words in both Taijin and Wanrin are written the same as in Modern Ŋyjichɯn, despite phonetic differences.
!Noun Affixes
There are a few common noun affixes:
The possessive marker {{nya{-ŋy}}}, equivalent of //'s// in English or //no// in Japanese. Generally it goes before the noun. Examples:
:: {{nya{sɯrŋy}}}, my
:: {{nya{ŋychun}}}, cat's
The nominalizer {{nya{-iz-}}}, which converts another part of speech to a noun. It's put after the first consonant. Examples:
:: {{nya{zizyjɯl}}}, three vs. {{nya{zyjiillɯ jɯɯw}}}, three days.
:: {{nya{rizaβi}}}, this (animal) vs. {{nya{raβi chin}}}, this cat
The honorific {{nya{tɒ-}}} means 'honored, respected', etc and is used on it's own to mean 'sir' or 'ma'am' or as a prefix on names or objects.
Noun incorporation has two uses: sentence formation and word formation.
A word to be incorporated is uninflected and in the combination form. It is then incorporated after the affixes (in a multi-syllable verb), or after the first vowel (in a single-syllable verb or if there are no affixes). If a final consonant is moved in the incorporating word, it takes the same vowel as the first vowel in the verb, if needed.
[[SentenceWords]] are considered a subset of noun incorporation by some linguists.
!!Sentence Formation
Generally, the least important noun will be incorporated into the main verb. By default, this is the object. If there is no object, the subject is usually not incorporated. Pronouns in nominative case, however, may be as they can generally be assumed.
!!Derivation
Incorporation for word derivation can:
* narrow meanings, as in {{nya{jichantio}}} (the color black, brown, green, blue), from {{nya{jio}}} (water, to be wet, to be liquid, black, brown, green, blue) incorporating {{nya{chanyki}}} (color)
* create related words, as in {{nya{chuzotun}}} (silence, very quiet) from {{nya{chun}}} (cat) and {{nya{za'yrtɒ}}} (foot).
This must involve at least one noun. To create an incorporated noun word using two nouns, one is assumed to be an adjective or verb and incorporates the other.
!Combination Forms
<<tiddler CombinationForm>>
!!!!Ŋyjichɯn nouns are fairly straightforward and, naturally, pronouns are counted as nouns.
<<tiddler PaucalPlural>><<tiddler IrregularNouns>><<tiddler NounAffixes>><<tiddler Case>><<tiddler Pronouns>>
{{button title{[[→ On to Simple Verbs → |SVerbs]]}}}
!Base
Ŋyjichɯn is nominally base-18, but uses five and four as a sub-bases as the Ŋyjichɯn, like the rest of Thunderians, have four toes on each foot. Ten is used as a sub-base from 60 and above. {{ooc{Okay, that's not canonically true, but cats have five toes on the the front and four on the back, ignoring polydactyls.}}}
Eight was used as a sub-base in ancient times, but died out about when the Ŋyjichɯn started regularly wearing shoes (although they still often wear toe-less shoes, especially during fighting and hunting.) This still shows in {{nya{tonzatoota}}}, eight, which is literally 'two fours'. However, the abbreviated form {{nya{toza}}} is more common
Bases are concatenated to form multiples (compare English 'thir+ty' and 'two-hundred'). {{nya{Kɯn}}} means 'and' and is used to add numbers (compare the English 'one-hundred and two')
!Grammar
Numbers are treated as adjectives and take the noun-suffix when used without an antecedent. Above nine, they do not become paucal or plural, except for 18 (and below nine is optional, but proper). Bases become paucal and plural, but do not change otherwise (40 can be {{nya{tozasayββy}}}, 8 fives, with five in paucal form or, rarely, {{nya{zatatonsyββy}}}, 4 tens (literally, 4 x (2 x 5)). You'll note that in the second form, {{nya{syββy}}}, in paucal form already for 'ten', doesn't change to the plural {{nya{syββa}}}.
!Proper and Improper Use
There are alternate forms for some of the higher numbers - one has a choice of whether to count from the last multiple of five or eighteen. The form that a Ŋyjichɯn would say is 'proper' is marked so. The proper sequence is (ignoring intermediate numbers) is 5 (hand), 10 (two hands), 18 (complete), 20 (four hands), 30 (six hands), 36 (two complete), without using odd numbers of hands. In practice, proper and improper forms are used interchangeably.
A relatively common diversion is the change the base, because of the ease of forming such numbers. For example, one may 'count by threes' in the sequence {{nya{ral, ton, zyjol, zyjolkonral, zyjolkonton, tonzyjol}}}, etc. This is a common stereotype for smart-asses when asked to do multiplication tables.
See selected [[examples|SampleNumbers]].
!Counting
Nyji count on the hands using both the fingers and the spaces between the fingers, giving nine on each hand. The exact sequence varies from area to area - some count all the fingers then the spaces, some vice versa, some alternate, and the direction (starting at the pinky or starting at the thumb) varies as well.
These [[InterfaceOptions]] for customising [[TiddlyWiki]] are saved in your browser
Your username for signing your edits. Write it as a [[WikiWord]] (eg [[JoeBloggs]])
<<option txtUserName>>
<<option chkSaveBackups>> [[SaveBackups]]
<<option chkAutoSave>> [[AutoSave]]
<<option chkRegExpSearch>> [[RegExpSearch]]
<<option chkCaseSensitiveSearch>> [[CaseSensitiveSearch]]
<<option chkAnimate>> [[EnableAnimations]]
----
Also see [[AdvancedOptions]]
!Polypersonal Agreement
If placed in front, the ones starting with a vowel take the first consonant of the verb. If a final consonant is moved while infixing, the first vowel is duplicated before the consonant.
{{cent{
|border-right:3px double black;border-bottom:1px solid black; |>|>|border-right:3px double black; 1st person |>|>|border-right:3px double black; 2nd person |>|>| 3rd person |h
|~| sing. | pau |border-right:3px double black; plu | sing. | pau |border-right:3px double black; plu | sing. | pau | plu |h
|border-right:3px double black;!subject | chi | chyyj |border-right:3px double black; jich | ɒz | ɒsɒ |border-right:3px double black; ozɒ | ŋa | ŋooŋ | maŋ |
|!primary object |border-left:3px double black; to | tiit |border-right:3px double black; toto | kɯt |>|border-right:3px double black; kɯttɯ | yv |>| yvvy |
|!secondary object |border-left:3px double black; βak | βook | βak |border-left:3px double black; lɒ | loo | lɒ |border-left:3px double black; of | if | of |
}}}
{{ooc{In glosses, the infix is put before the stem because I think that since it goes in front of single syllable words, that makes it left-peripheral}}}
Using the previous examples, for an intransitive sentence the result would be:
{{noborder{
{{cent{
|Regular:|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|h
|>|>|>|The cat walks. |>|>|>|{{nya{chun zaŋa'yrtɒ}}} |
|{{nya{chun}}} | | |{{nya{za-}}} |{{nya{-ŋa-}}} | | |{{nya{-'yrtɒ}}} |
||(tense) |(neg.) |''v. start'' |(sbj agr.) |(p. obj agr.) |(s. obj agr.) |''v. end'' |
|Irregular and single syllable:|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|h
|>|>|>|The cat runs. |>|>|>|{{nya{chun ŋafɒmfomfii}}} |
|{{nya{chun}}} | | |{{nya{ŋa-}}} | | |{{nya{fɒ-}}} |{{nya{-mfomfii}}} |
| |(tense) |(neg.) |(sbj agr.) |(p. obj agr.) |(s. obj agr.) |''v. start'' |''v. end'' |
|Note that in intransitive sentences, case isn't marked.|c
}}}
}}}
A monotranstive sentence would look thusly:
{{noborder{
{{cent{
|Regular:|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|h
|>|>|>|The cats walk to the kitchen. |>|>|>|>|{{nya{chɯɯnnujy zaŋooŋof'yrtɒ fajofas}}} |
|{{nya{chɯɯnnu-jy}}} | | |{{nya{za-}}} |{{nya{-ŋooŋ-}}} | |{{nya{-of-}}} |{{nya{-'yrtɒ}}} |{{nya{fajo-f-as}}} |
||(tense) |(neg.) |''v. start'' |(sbj agr.) |(p. obj agr.) |(s. obj agr.) |''v. end'' ||
|Irregular and single syllable:|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|h
|>|>|>|The cats run to the kitchen. |>|>|>|>|{{nya{chɯɯnnujy ŋooŋfoffɒmfomfii fajofas}}} |
|{{nya{chɯɯnnu}}} | | |{{nya{ŋooŋ-}}} | |{{nya{f-of-}}}|{{nya{fɒ-}}} |{{nya{-mfomfii}}} |{{nya{fajo-f-as}}} |
| |(tense) |(neg.) |(sbj agr.) |(p. obj agr.) |(s. obj agr.) |''v. start'' |''v. end'' | |
|Note that the 3rd person secondary object marker duplicates the first consonant of the verb when placed in front and the dative case marker duplicates the first consonant of the noun.|c
}}}
}}}
<!--{{{-->
<div class='header'>
<div class='siteTitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteTitle'></div>
<div class='siteSubtitle' refresh='content' tiddler='SiteSubtitle'></div>
<div>
<span id='topMenu' refresh='content' tiddler='MainMenu'></span>
</div>
</div>
<div id='sidebar'>
<div id='sidebarOptions' refresh='content' tiddler='SideBarOptions'></div>
<div id='sidebarTabs' refresh='content' force='true' tiddler='SideBarTabs'></div>
</div>
<div id='displayArea'>
<div id='messageArea'></div>
<div id='tiddlerDisplay'></div>
</div>
<!--}}}-->
!Plural & Paucal
Plurals are formed through reduplication.
; If the word is one syllable, and ends in a basic vowel, the word is duplicated. If the word is more than one syllable, the second syllable is duplicated.
: {{nya{vy.ru}}}, plan → {{nya{vy.ru.ru}}}, plans
: {{nya{cha.ny.ki}}}, color → {{nya{cha.ny.ny.ki}}}, colors
; If the syllable being doubled ends with a consonant, the consonant and preceding vowel are reversed.
: {{nya{ŋaf.nɯŋ}}}, child → {{nya{ŋaf.nɯŋ.ŋɯ}}}, children
: {{nya{ty.ŋit}}}, crumb → {{nya{ty.ŋyt.ti}}}, crumbs
; Unless the syllable ends in a consonant, if the vowel involved in the duplicated syllable is a diphthong or long, the second vowel is dropped.
: {{nya{viɯ}}}, wine → {{nya{viɯ.viɯ}}} → {{nya{viɯ.vi}}}, wines
: {{nya{tiβ.βiɒ}}}, corner → {{nya{tiβ.βiɒ.βi}}}, corners
: {{nya{zo.tɯir}}}, result ≠ {{bad{{{nya{*zo.tɯr.ri}}}}}}, → {{nya{zo.tɯir.ri}}}, results
; In the rare case of the second syllable being only a vowel, the vowel is lengthened. (Many of these are irregular)
: {{nya{chɒ.'i.sit}}}, bite → {{nya{chɒ.'ii.sit}}}, bites
: {{nya{vy'y.ka}}}, warmth → {{nya{vy'yy.ka}}}, warmths
!!Paucal
Besides changing for the plural, Ŋyjichɯn also uses paucal or 'a few'. For the Ŋyjichɯn, paucal is used for whatever can be counted at a glance, usually no more than five. However, paucal is often used for larger numbers if that person can count them in a glance, especially if the objects are divided into easily countable groups (for example, pre-divided piles of coins). The paucal is also used when one isn't certain of the amount, even if that amount may be singular.
Paucal is a modification of the plural, adding a sound change. The vowel in the original syllable follows the below rules and becomes long.
/a/ → /oo/
/ɒ/ → /oo/
before m, f, v, t, s, or z: /o/ → /ii/, otherwise, /o/ → ɯɯ/
/i/ → /yy/
/u/ → /ɯɯ/
/y/ → /yy/
/ɯ/ → /ɯɯ/
; Examples of the basic form.
: {{nya{vy.ru}}}, plan → {{nya{vy.rɯɯ.ru}}}
: {{nya{ŋaf.nɯŋ}}}, child → {{nya{ŋaf.nɯɯŋ.ŋɯ}}}, children
; If the sound change affects a diphthong or long vowel, the first vowel is dropped.
: {{nya{viɯ}}}, wine → {{nya{vɯɯ.vi}}}, wines
: {{nya{tiβ.βiɒ}}}, corner → {{nya{tiβ.βoo.βi}}}
: {{nya{zo.tɯir}}}, result → {{nya{zo.tyyr.ri}}}, results
; In the case of a syllabic vowel, the first undergoes the sound change and the second becomes another syllable.
: {{nya{chɒ'isit}}}, bite → plural {{nya{chɒ'iisit}}} → paucal {{nya{chɒ'yy'isit}}}
!!!!For the most part, Ylis speakers will have little difficulty with the sounds of the Ŋyjichɯn language. The International Phonetic Alphabet notation is given in red and will be used for phonetic transcription. The standard transcription is given in black and will be used for phonemic transcription.
Ŋyjichɯn orthograpy has two oddities:
{{left{
# /l/ and /w/ are written the same, with a different character at the start of syllables (recognized as /l/) and at the end (recognized as /w/).
# Final /s/ and /z/ are written as 'ss' and 'zz' respectively
}}}
This guide will reflect those conventions in references not referring to pronunciation.
!Consonants
{{cent{
| Ŋyjichɯn consonants with IPA and transliteration |c
| {{ipa{IPA}}} / Trans | labiodental | alveolar | post-alveolar | velar |h
|!nasal | {{ipa{ɱ}}} m |>| {{ipa{n}}} n | {{ipa{ŋ}}} ŋ |
|!plosive| | {{ipa{t}}} t | | {{ipa{k}}} k |
|!affricate | | | {{ipa{tʃ dʒ}}} ch j | |
|!fricative | {{ipa{f v}}} f v | {{ipa{s z}}} s z | | |
|!tap | {{ipa{ⱱ}}} β | {{ipa{ɾ}}} r | | |
|!approximant | | {{ipa{l}}} l | | {{ipa{ɰ}}} w |
}}}
{{ooc{My accent is Standard American English. Since this is a conlang, it honestly doesn't matter that much if you pronounce things incorrectly, but I'll be giving approximate sounds based on my accent, with heavy help from Wikipedia.}}}
The majority of consonants should not give students trouble, although Ŋyjichɯn speakers may detect an accent on the 'm' and 'w'. If you wish to prevent that, pronounce 'm' with your lower lip against your teeth and 'w' in the back of your throat.
* 'ŋ' is equivalent to 'ng' in 'sing.'
* 'r' should be pronounced cleanly and shortly, a tap at the top of the mouth.
* 'β' is similar to 'v', but with the lower lip tucked between the teeth or behind the upper teeth and flicked out shortly and cleanly.
!Vowels
{{cent{
| Ŋyjichɯn vowels with IPA and transliteration |c
| {{ipa{IPA}}} / Trans | front | near-front | central | near-back | back |h
|!close | {{ipa{i}}} y | | | | {{ipa{ɯ}}} ɯ |
|!near-close| | {{ipa{ʏ}}} i | | {{ipa{ʊ}}} u | |
|!mid | | | {{ipa{ɜ}}} o | | |
|!open | {{ipa{a}}} a | | | | {{ipa{ɒ}}} ɒ |
}}}
The pairs 'i' & 'y' and 'ɯ' & 'u' are primarily distinguished by how rounded the lips are. Vowels are most likely to give students trouble, but the approximations below will generally be sufficient.
Unround Vowels:
* y as in fr''ee''
* a approximately as in c''a''t
* o approximately as in str''u''t with unrounded lips
* ɯ as in b''oo''t but with the lips unrounded
Round Vowels:
* i as in b''i''t, but with the lips rounded
* u as in h''oo''k with rounded lips
* ɒ as in h''o''t with lips rounded
{{ooc{I don't know why, but vowel rounding constantly trips me up when I'm doing alternation, which is why I've kinda overspecified here}}}
!Diphthongs and Long Vowels
Doubled vowels are pronounced twice as long. The long vowels 'yy' and 'aa' usually result in even less rounded lips, with the corners of the mouth pulled back. Any vowel may combine with another to form a diphthong, and are pronounced long.
On the occasion that a vowel is meant as a syllable it is written with apostrophes separating it. For example {{nya{ro'ɒryi}}}, {{nya{za'yrta}}}, {{nya{kyo'yt}}}. There is a glottal stop before the vowel in such cases.
!Allophones
The phonemes given above are what a Nyji would recognize as the 'true' sounds. However there are additional sounds caused by [[alternation|Alternation]] shown below along with what a Nyji would recognize them as.
{{cent{
| Allophone with Ŋyjichɯn phoneme |c
| {{ipa{IPA}}} / Trans | bilabial | labiodental | alveolar | post-alveolar | palatal | velar | epiglottal | glottal |h
|!plosive | {{ipa{p b}}} t | | {{ipa{d}}} t | | | {{ipa{g}}} k | {{ipa{ʡ}}}* | {{ipa{ʔ}}}* |
}}}
The glottal/epiglottal stop is not recognized by Nyji as a letter, however it appears after long vowels (before alternations are applied) and before syllable-initial vowels.
{{cent{
| Allophone with Ŋyjichɯn phoneme |c
| {{ipa{IPA}}} / Trans | front | near-front | central | near-back | back |h
|!close | {{ipa{y}}} y | | | | {{ipa{u}}} ɯ |
|!near-close| | {{ipa{ɪ}}} i | | | |
|!mid | | | {{ipa{ɞ}}} o | | {{ipa{o}}} u |
|!open | {{ipa{ɶ}}} a | | | | {{ipa{ɑ}}} ɒ |
}}}
The vowel {{nya{u}}} stays round, but changes vowel height from {{ipa{ʊ}}} to {{ipa{o}}}. Do not confuse this with the Nyji phoneme {{nya{o}}} (IPA: {{ipa{ɜ}}}).
<<tiddler Phonotactics>>
{{button title{[[→ On to Stress → |Stress]]}}}
!Restrictions
Syllables are assumed to be of the form CV(C). The initial and final syllable of a word must start with a consonant. While internal syllables may lack an initial consonant, if the preceding syllable has a final consonant, it will be moved over. For example in the sentence {{nya{moŋjy myɒzyvomty zɯzɯn}}}, "what is your name?", the [[polypersonal agreement affixes|SVerbs]] {{nya{ɒz}}} and {{nya{yv}}}, change the syllable breaks in {{nya{myomty}}} from ''my.(ɒz.yv.)omty'' to ''myoɒ.zy.vom.ty''.
The full form is CV(V)(C)-((C)V(V)(C))-(CV(V)(C)), where there can be as many internal syllables as needed. Syllables starting with a vowel are uncommon.
!Pronouns
There are two sets of pronouns: @@font-size:1.25em;[[Type I|Type1Pronouns]]@@, covering personal pronouns like 'he', 'she', and 'it'; and @@font-size:1.25em;[[Type II|Type2Pronouns]]@@, covering everything else, like 'what', 'this', and 'everything'.
For the most part, pronouns take the same affixes that nouns do.
!(Work in Progress)
{{ooc{To be noted in culture section when I'm talking about warrior-speech: In warrior speech, as many of the affixes are left out as can be while still being understood. }}}
Taijin society is broken down along warrior / non-warrior lines, instead of gender. white well = parts of the bottom -something- means either to impale or to take weapon. Whole class of language (warrior-speech), equivalent to obscenity, used to assert warrior status, bond with others, and degrade enemies / rivals.
In a marriage one is the warrior (rych) and one is the non-warrior (mychsy). Because being rych is so important, there may not be a mychsy who the rych is attracted to. One warrior may marry another and they will take turns being the mychsy, often on a monthly or weekly schedule. Otherwise a rych will remain a bachelor and will sleep with whoever will have him or her.
(Yes, in the old old days, men were rych and women were mychsy. Enough women protested and beat up their husbands to prove their warrior-status for it to become sex-neutral. And yes, there is samesex marriage and no one cares.)
rych and mychsy are meaning rich words. rych means one that is aggressive (usually expressed as hunger - whether battle-hunger, or sex-hunger), one that initiates action, one that knows how to kill both animals and people, one that protects. He or she is the 'top' in a relationship. A mychsy is one who maintains the home, who is quiet, who is protected, who reacts to the rych, one who does the things not related to hunting and war. But a rych may farm along with mychsy and not have a change in status. And a mychsy may fight alongside rych and not be one (but usually gets a bump in respect).
-chyn - speech. -o- - ??? fuck if I know. rychyn - warrior speech. In warrior speech it is rychij. Compare (quiet-speech - the type of speech used around non-warriors, outsiders, and in other situations that call for politeness).
Warrior-speech changes n to j, m to v, and l to r, and abbreviates words. To impregnate / to get pregnant - to force / take seed (rych) / to give / be given seed (mychsy).
A rych eats efficiently and much. He drinks strong drinks.
Body part names are sex-neutral (until you get into medical terms, which are borrowed from somewhere). -blank- is clitoris or penis. _blank_ is a warrior's equipment (compare _whatever_, knife).
Protecting mychsy is an important part of warrior code. A mychsy screaming will bring a dozen or more rych running, with knives drawn.
Normal - rychyn
mouth field of knives
hand claws
body trunk of strong tree
eyes eagle eyes
genitals flesh-knife
mouth (for sexual use)
It is thought that rychyn started as a hunting language - the words for various prey animals were referred to euphemistically, as well as weapons and related verbs (hunt, kill, skin, meat). It then expanded as hunters' argot as the culture shifted from gender to role divisions.
!!!!Verbs are a key part of Ŋyjichɯn grammar and the most complicated.
Usage is simplified by knowing there are a set number of slots where affixes are added. It would be rare for all slots to be filled. <<tiddler IrregularVerbs>>
Mood and aspect will be discusssed later, as it requires more complicated sentences, as will noun incorporation. For now, those slots will be ignored in examples.
<<tiddler PPAgreement>><<tiddler VerbNeg>><<tiddler VerbTense>>
{{button title{[[→ On to Basic Sentences → |BSentences]]}}}
There are alternate forms for some of the higher numbers - one has a choice of whether to count from the last multiple of five or eighteen. The form that an Ŋyjichɯn would say is 'proper' is marked so. The proper sequence is (ignoring intermediate numbers) is 5 (hand), 10 (two hands), 18 (complete), 20 (four hands), 30 (six hands), 36 (two complete), without using odd numbers of hands. In practice, proper and improper forms are used interchangeably.
!One to Eighteen
{{cent{
| English | 'Proper' form (singular, paucal, plural) | Alternatives (with singular, paucal, plural) | Abbr. | Notes |h
| Zero | {{nya{katɯtɯ}}} | {{nya{kattɯ}}} | -- | Etym: {{nya{katɯ}}}, none, nothing, not. Type 1 irregular noun (no plural or paucal). |
| One | {{nya{rɒl, roollɒ, rɒllɒ}}} | | {{nya{rɒl}}} | |
| Two | {{nya{ton, tiinno, tonno}}} | | {{nya{ton}}} | |
| Three | {{nya{zyjɯl, zyjɯɯllu, zyjɯllɯl}}} | | {{nya{zyj}}} | |
| Four | {{nya{zatɒ, zatootɒ, zatɒtɒ}}} | | {{nya{za}}} | Etym: {{nya{zaÿrtɒ}}}, foot. |
| Five | {{nya{sɒyβ, syββa, sɒyββy}}} | | {{nya{sy}}}, plu {{nya{sɒy}}} | Etym: {{nya{sɒɯlyβ}}}, hand. Type 5 irregular noun (just weird). |
| Six | {{nya{kir, kyyrri, kirri}}} | | {{nya{kir}}} | |
| Seven | {{nya{wajiy, wajyyji, wajiyji}}} | | {{nya{wa}}} | |
| Eight | {{nya{tonzatootɒ}}} | {{nya{tonzɒ, tozoozɒ, tozɒzɒ}}} | {{nya{tozɒ}}} or {{nya{toɒ}}} | Literally 'two feet' or 'two fours'. Because of the proper form's origin, it has no paucal or plural. The alternative form is much more commonly used. |
| Nine | {{nya{wyβ, wyyββy, wyββy}}} | {{nya{sɒyβkonzatɒ}}} | {{nya{wyβ}}} | The alternative form is archaic and means 'five and four'. It is still used in some expressions, but not for usually for counting. |
| Ten | {{nya{tonsyββy}}} | | -- | Literally 'two hands' or 'two fives' |
| Eleven | {{nya{tonsykɯnrɒl}}} | | -- | Literally 'ten and one'. |
| Twelve | {{nya{tonsykɯnton}}} | | -- | |
| Thirteen | {{nya{tonsykɯnzyjɯl}}} | | -- | |
| Fourteen | {{nya{tonsykɯnzatɒ}}} | | -- | |
| Fifteen | {{nya{tonsykɯnsɒyβ}}} | {{nya{zyjsyββy}}} (3 fives) | -- | The alternative form is more common. |
| Sixteen | {{nya{tonsykɯnkir}}} | {{nya{zyjsykɯnrɒl}}} | -- | |
| Seventeen | {{nya{tonsykɯnwajiy}}} | {{nya{zyjsykɯnton}}} | -- | |
| Eighteen | {{nya{lɯβɯt}}} | | {{nya{lɯβ}}} | Type 1 irregular noun (no plural or paucal). |
}}}
!Multiples of Five, Ten, and Eighteen (plus notable examples)
Only non-base numbers with illustrative or notable alternatives will be given (there are a lot of them, however). The literal meaning of the word is given, however for simplicity's sake, they are given as the last regular multiple, instead of breaking them down to sub-bases (36 and 9, instead of 2 eighteens and 9, for example.)
{{cent{
|English | 'Proper' form | Alternative | Alternative | Notes |h
| 19 | {{nya{lɯβɯtkɯnrɒl}}} (18 and 1) | | | |
| 20 | {{nya{zatɒsyββa}}} | | | Literally 'four hands' or 'four fives'. |
| 21 | {{nya{lɯβɯtkɯnzyjɯl}}} (18 and 3) | {{nya{zatɒsyβkɯnrɒl}}} (20 and 1) | | |
| 25 | {{nya{lɯβɯtkɯnwajiy}}} (18 and 7) | {{nya{sɒyβsyββa}}} (5 fives) | {{nya{sysyββa}}} (abbr. of 5 fives) | |
| 26 | {{nya{lɯβɯtkɯntonzatootɒ}}} (rare) or {{nya{lɯβɯtkɯntozɒ}}} (18 and 8) | {{nya{zatɒsykɯnkir}}} (20 and 6) | {{nya{sɒyβsykɯnrɒl}}} (25 and 1) (least proper) | |
| 30 | {{nya{kirsɒyββy}}} (6 fives) | {{nya{zyjɯltonsyββa}}} (3 tens) (rare) | | Note the change from paucal {{nya{syββa}}} to plural {{nya{sɒyββy}}} in the proper form. |
| 35 | {{nya{kirsɒyββykɯnsɒyβ}}} (30 and 5) | {{nya{wajiysɒyββy}}} (7 fives) | | |
| 36 | {{nya{tonlɯβɯt}}} (2 eighteens) | | | |
| 38 | {{nya{tonlɯβɯtkɯnrɒl}}} (36 and 1) (most common) | {{nya{wajiysɒykɯnzyjɯl}}} (35 and 3) | {{nya{}}} (35 and 3) | |
| 40 | {{nya{tonzatootɒsɒyββy}}} (very very rare) or {{nya{tozɒsɒyββy}}} (most common) (8 fives) | {{nya{zatɒtonsyββy}}} (4 tens) | | |
| 45 | {{nya{nya{tonlɯβɯtkɯnwyβ}}} (36 and 9) | {{nya{zatɒtonsyββykɯnsɒyβ}}} (40 and 5) | {{nya{wyβsɒyββy}}} (9 fives) (least proper) | |
| 46 | {{nya{tonlɯβɯtkɯntonsyββy}}} (36 and 10) | {{nya{tozɒsɒyββykɯnkir}}} (40 and 6) | {{nya{wyβsɒyββykɯnrɒl}}} (45 and 1) (least proper) | |
| 50 | {{nya{tonsysɒyββy}}} (10 fives) | {{nya{sɒytonsyββa}}} (5 tens) | | At this point, counting by tens becomes more common for multiples of ten, as counting by fives becomes awkward above ten of them. |
| 54 | {{nya{zyjɯllɯβɯt}}} (3 eighteens) | | | |
| 60 | {{nya{zyjɯllɯβɯtkɯnkir}}} (54 and 6) | {{nya{kirtonsyββy}}} (6 tens) (least proper) | {{nya{tonsyktonsɒyββy}}} (12 fives) | Ŋyjichɯn interviewed admitted that {{nya{kirtonsyββy}}} is the least proper, but more commonly used than {{nya{tonsyktonsɒyββy}}}. You'll note that when multiplying by teens, {{nya{sykɯn}}} ('ten and') reduces to {{nya{syk}}}. |
| 70 | {{nya{zyjɯllɯβɯtkɯntonsyββykɯnkir}}} (54 and 10 and 6) | {{nya{wajiykɯn}}} (7 tens) (least proper and most common) | {{nya{tonsykzatɒsɒyββy}}} (14 fives) (least common) | |
| 72 | {{nya{zatɒlɯβɯt}}} (4 eighteens) | | | |
| 90 | {{nya{sɒyβlɯβɯt}}} (5 eighteens) (most common) | {{nya{wyβtonsyββy}}} (9 tens) (rare) | {{nya{lɯβɯtsɒyββy}}} (18 fives) (very rare) | |
| 100 | {{nya{sɒyβlɯβɯtkɯntonsyββy}}} (90 and 10) | {{nya{tonsytonsyββy}}} (10 tens) (least proper) | {{nya{zatɒsyββasɒyββy}}} (20 fives) | |
| 108 | {{nya{kirlɯβɯt}}} (6 eighteens) | | | |
| 125 | {{nya{kirlɯβɯtkɯntonsykɯnwajiy}}} (108 and 10 and 7) | {{nya{sɒyβsɒyβsyββa}}} (25 times 5) | {{nya{sysysɒy}}} (abbr. of 25 times 5) | Other combinations are possible as well. |
}}}
Ŋyjichɯn has oddly strongly deliminated senses. It's only at extremes that some bleed into another, for example 'my ears are sweating' for 'it's extremely loud', mixing sound and touch.
In order of importance:
Hearing
Smell / Taste
Sight
Touch / Taste
smell/taste is the subtle flavors and sweet. touch/taste is the strong flavors that can cause physical reactions (spiciness, bitter, sour, hot, cold, mint/menthol, etc)
Metaphor: proximity is touch, future is smell (see weather for some examples)
The different senses are segregated from each other - soft is either sound or touch, etc. Spicy (taste) is not related to hot (feel). Wet {{nya{jio}}} look) and wet (touch) (jio + touch?) are different, but related.
!(Work in Progress)
;{{nya{nymawav}}}, //acid// from
:{{nya{jyor ny-ŋa-ma wao-ŋa-vo}}}
:it-NOM 3.~SBJ-through 3.~SBJ-burn
:It burns through.
;{{nya{vysyylβy'y'ko}}}, //heating fire// from
:{{nya{jyor vy-ŋa-a-syylβy-sɯn}}}
:it-NOM warm-3.~SBJ-3.~OBJ-hand.~PAU-ACC
:it warms hands
;{{nya{tisiottyk}}}, //cooking fire// from
:{{nya{jyor ti-ŋa-a-siot-ɯn}}}
:it-NOM cook-3.~SBJ-3.~OBJ-food-ACC
:it cooks food
<<search>><<closeAll>><<permaview>><<newTiddler>><<saveChanges>><<slider chkSliderOptionsPanel OptionsPanel "options »" "Change TiddlyWiki advanced options">>
<<tabs txtMainTab "All" "All tiddlers" TabAll "Tags" "All tags" TabTags "Timeline" "Timeline" TabTimeline "More" "More lists" TabMore>>
An Anthropological and Linguistic Exploration of the Taijin and Wanrin People (aka, a constructed language, presented using ~TiddlyWiki)
fon is related to nifon 'smell' and smell is often used idiomatically for likely future events & predictions (I smell trouble - I predict trouble is coming. The forest smells like sun - It's going to be hot. John smells like lateness - John is going to be late) (smells is in irrealis mood)
!Stress to Delimit Words
Stress is an excellent way of determining word breaks. The stress pattern continues across affixes and incorporated words no matter the word length.
{{cent{
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''moŋjy myɒzyvomty zɯzɯn''//|>|>|
|moŋ''jy'' myɒ''zy''vom//ty// zɯ''zɯn''|>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''moŋ-jy''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''my<ɒz-yv>omty'' (stem: {{nya{myomty}}})// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''zɯ-zɯn''// |
|2SG.~POSS-NOM |name<2.~SBJ-3.POBJ>name |what-ACC |
|What is your name?|>|>|
}}}
}}}
!!!!Word stress in Ŋyjichɯn is fairly complicated and determined with the following steps:
# Does the first or second syllable have a long vowel? If ''yes,'' place primary stress on the first occurance. ''No,'' go on.
# If it doesn't already have a primary stress, does the word start with /t/, /k/, /j/, or /ch/? If yes, primary stress on first syllable. Otherwise, primary stress on the second syllable.
# Place secondary stress on every other syllable after the primary stress.
# Is the word over four syllables? ''Yes,'' go on. ''No,'' finished.
# Does the last syllable end with a consonant or start with /t/, /k/, /j/, or /ch/? ''Yes,'' primary stress on last syllable, go to step 7. ''No'', go on.
# Does the second-to-last syllable start with /t/, /k/, /j/, or /ch/ or have a long vowel or diphthong or end with a consonant? ''Yes,'' primary stress on second-to-last syllable, go to last step. ''No'', go on.
# Is the word over six syllables? ''Yes,'' go on. ''No,'' go to last step.
# Does the third-to-last syllable start with /t/, /k/, /j/, or /ch/ or have a long vowel or diphthong or end with a consonant? ''Yes,'' primary stress on third-to-last syllable, go to last step. ''No'', no other primary stress, go on.
# Was there a secondary stress on the syllable before or after a primary stress syllable? ''Yes,'' drop it. ''No,'' finished.
[[There is also a flowcart form available.|StressFlowchart]]
!!Examples
# Does the first or second syllable have a long vowel?
## kɒryriiwkyy //(bed, nest)// → kɒryriiwkyy
## kɒryyryriiwkyy //(beds, nests)// → kɒ''ryy''ryriiwkyy
## ŋolyrtyi //(roar, loud)// → ŋolyrtyi
## lachykmaŋovo //(smoke)// → lachykmaŋovo
## chachykmaŋnyki //(dust)// → chachykmaŋnyki
## kamɒzmajoztinŋoszivi //(don't be evil)// → kamɒzmajoztinŋoszivi
# Does the word start with /t/, /k/, /j/, or /ch/? If yes, primary stress on first syllable. Otherwise, primary stress on the second syllable.
## kɒryriiwkyy → ''kɒ''ryriiwkyy
## skip
## ŋolyrtyi → ŋo''lyr''tyi
## lachykmaŋovo → la''chyk''maŋovo
## chachykmaŋnyki → ''cha''chykmaŋnyki
## kamɒzmajoztinŋoszivi → ''ka''mɒzmajoztinŋoszivi
# Place secondary stress on every other syllable after the primary stress.
## ''kɒ''ryriiwkyy → ''kɒ''ry//riiw//kyy
## kɒ''ryy''ryriiwkyyy → kɒ''ryy''ry//riiw//kyy
## ŋo''ly''rtyi → ŋo''ly''r//tyi//
## la''chyk''maŋovo → la''chyk''ma//ŋo//vo
## ''cha''chykmaŋnyki → ''cha''chyk//maŋ//ny//ki//
## ''ka''mɒzmajoztinŋoszivi → ''ka''mɒz//ma//joz//tin//ŋos//zi//vi
# Is the word over four syllables?
## Finished: ''kɒ''ry//riiw//kyy
## Yes: kɒ''ryy''ryriiwkyy
## Finished: ŋo''ly''r//tyi//
## Yes: la''chyk''ma//ŋo//vo
## Yes: ''cha''chyk//maŋ//ny//ki//
## Yes: ''ka''mɒz//ma//joz//tin//ŋos//zi//vi
# Does the last syllable end with a consonant or start with /t/, /k/, /j/, or /ch/?
## done
## kɒ''ryy''ry//riiw//kyy → kɒ''ryy''ry//riiw//''kyy''
## done
## No: la''chyk''ma//ŋo//vo
## ''cha''chyk//maŋ//ny//ki// → ''cha''chyk//maŋ//ny''ki''
## No: ''ka''mɒz//ma//joz//tin//ŋos//zi//vi
# Does the second-to-last syllable start with /t/, /k/, /j/, or /ch/ or have a long vowel or diphthong or end with a consonant?
## done
## skip
## done
## No: la''chyk''ma//ŋo//vo
## skip
## No: ''ka''mɒz//ma//joz//tin//ŋos//zi//vi
# Is the word over six syllables?
## done
## No: kɒ''ryy''ry//riiw//''kyy''
## done
## No: la''chyk''ma//ŋo//vo
## No: ''cha''chyk//maŋ//ny''ki''
## Yes: ''ka''mɒz//ma//joz//tin//ŋos//zi//vi
# Does the third-to-last syllable start with /t/, /k/, /j/, or /ch/ or have a long vowel or diphthong or end with a consonant?
## done
## skip
## done
## skip
## skip
## ''ka''mɒz//ma//joz//tin//ŋos//zi//vi → ''ka''mɒz//ma//joz//tin//''ŋos''//zi//vi
# Was there a secondary stress on the syllable before or after a primary stress syllable?
## done
## kɒ''ryy''ry//riiw//''kyy'' → kɒ''ryy''ryriiw''kyy''
## done
## No: la''chyk''ma//ŋo//vo
## No: ''cha''chyk//maŋ//ny''ki''
## ''ka''mɒz//ma//joztin''ŋos''zivi
{{button title{[[→ On to Alternation → |Alternation]]}}}
[img[images/nyji-stress.png]]
/*{{{*/
.highlight, .marked {background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryLight]];}
.bad {font-style:italic; font-weight:normal;}
.left {position:relative;left:2em;}
.ooc {color: [[ColorPalette::Background]]; background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]]; font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;}
.ipa {color: #B54C07; font-size: 1.15em}
.nya {font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;}
.romList ol {list-style-type:upper-roman;}
.romList ol ol {list-style-type:upper-alpha;}
.romList ol ol ol {list-style-type:lower-roman;}
.romList ol ol ol ol {list-style-type:lower-alpha;}
.romList ol ol ol ol ol {list-style-type:decimal;}
.viewer .noborder table {border: 0px}
.viewer .noborder td {border: 0px}
.viewer .noborder tr {border: 0; border-collapse:separate}
table {border: 2px solid black; border-collapse:collapse;}
.stretch img { width:90%; display:block;margin: 0 auto;text-align:center;}
.viewer div.cent { text-align: center;overflow-x:auto;}
.viewer div.cent table {margin: 0 auto;text-align: left;}
.viewer dl dt {font-weight:normal;margin-top:5px}
.viewer .twtable th,td {border: 1px solid black; padding:5px;}
.viewer .twtable th {background-color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]];
color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];
font-weight:bold;
font-size:.9em;
font-family:Georgia,Utopia,Palatino,'Palatino Linotype',serif;}
.viewer .twtable thead td {background-color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]];
color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];
font-weight:bold;
font-size:.9em;
font-family:Georgia,Utopia,Palatino,'Palatino Linotype',serif;}
.viewer caption {font-weight:bold}
body {font:12px Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; }
.breadCrumbs { color:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryBackground]]}
.breadCrumbs a {color:white;font-style:italic}
.breadCrumbs a:hover {color:white;text-decoration:underline;}
.siteTitle {
padding-top:5px;
float:left;
font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;
font-weight: bold;
font-size: 55px;
color: black;
margin-left: 20px;
margin-right: 30px}
.header {height: 85px}
.siteSubtitle {padding: 5px; font-weight:bold; color:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryDark]]}
.tiddler {background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryBackground]];
-webkit-border-radius: 10px;-moz-border-radius: 10px;border-radius: 10px;
margin-bottom:10px;
margin-top: 5px;
padding: 0 20px 20px 20px }
.tiddler .viewer {font-family:Georgia,Utopia,Palatino,'Palatino Linotype',serif; [[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; }
a {color:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryDark]]; text-decoration: underline; font-weight:bold; background:transparent}
a:hover{color:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryDark]]; text-decoration: none; font-weight:bold; background:transparent}
#messageArea {background-color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; }
.messageToolbar {background-color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif; }
#topMenu br {display:none;}
#topMenu a, #topMenu .tiddlyLink, #topMenu .button {margin:0;padding:15px 15px 10px 15px;padding-top:1.6em;border:none; border-right: 1px solid white;float:left; color:white}
#topMenu {border-left: 1px solidwhite; float:left;margin:0; color:white}
#sidebarOptions a, #sidebarOptions a:hover{color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]];}
#backstageArea {background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]; color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];}
#backstageArea a {background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; border:none;}
#backstageArea a:hover {background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryLight]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; }
#backstageArea a.backstageSelTab {background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryBackground]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];}
#backstageButton a {background:none; color:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; border:none;}
#backstageButton a:hover {background:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; border:none;}
#backstagePanel {background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryBackground]]; border-color: [[ColorPalette::Background]] [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]] [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]] [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];}
.backstagePanelFooter .button {border:none; color:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryBackground]];}
.backstagePanelFooter .button:hover {color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];}
#backstageCloak {background:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; opacity:0.6; filter:alpha(opacity=60);}
#backstagePanel .viewer {background: [[ColorPalette::SecondaryBackground]]}
.wizardStep {background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryBackground]];
color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];
border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];}
.viewer th, .viewer thead td, .twtable th, .twtable thead td {background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]; border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Background]];}
/*}}}*/
/*{{{*/
body {background:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];}
a {color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];}
a:hover {background-color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Background]];}
a img {border:0;}
h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 {color:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryDark]]; background:transparent;}
h1 {border-bottom:2px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];}
h2,h3 {border-bottom:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];}
.button {color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryDark]]; border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::Background]];}
.button:hover {color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryDark]]; background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryLight]]; border-color:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryMid]];}
.button:active {color:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryMid]]; border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::SecondaryDark]];}
.header {background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];}
.headerShadow {color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];}
.headerShadow a {font-weight:normal; color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];}
.headerForeground {color:[[ColorPalette::Background]];}
.headerForeground a {font-weight:normal; color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]];}
.tabSelected {color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryDark]];
background:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryPale]];
border-left:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];
border-top:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];
border-right:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];
}
.tabUnselected {color:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; background:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]];}
.tabContents {color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryDark]]; background:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryPale]]; border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];}
.tabContents .button {border:0;}
#sidebar {}
#sidebarOptions input {border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];}
#sidebarOptions .sliderPanel {background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]];}
#sidebarOptions .sliderPanel a {border:none;color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];}
#sidebarOptions .sliderPanel a:hover {color:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];}
#sidebarOptions .sliderPanel a:active {color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]; background:[[ColorPalette::Background]];}
.wizard {background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]]; border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];}
.wizard h1 {color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryDark]]; border:none;}
.wizard h2 {color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; border:none;}
.wizardStep {background:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];
border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];}
.wizardStep.wizardStepDone {background:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];}
.wizardFooter {background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]];}
.wizardFooter .status {background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryDark]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Background]];}
.wizard .button {color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryLight]]; border: 1px solid;
border-color:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryPale]] [[ColorPalette::SecondaryDark]] [[ColorPalette::SecondaryDark]] [[ColorPalette::SecondaryPale]];}
.wizard .button:hover {color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; background:[[ColorPalette::Background]];}
.wizard .button:active {color:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; background:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; border: 1px solid;
border-color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryDark]] [[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]] [[ColorPalette::PrimaryPale]] [[ColorPalette::PrimaryDark]];}
.wizard .notChanged {background:transparent;}
.wizard .changedLocally {background:#80ff80;}
.wizard .changedServer {background:#8080ff;}
.wizard .changedBoth {background:#ff8080;}
.wizard .notFound {background:#ffff80;}
.wizard .putToServer {background:#ff80ff;}
.wizard .gotFromServer {background:#80ffff;}
#messageArea {border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::SecondaryMid]]; background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryLight]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];}
#messageArea .button {color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]; background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryPale]]; border:none;}
.popupTiddler {background:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryPale]]; border:2px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]];}
.popup {background:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryPale]]; color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]]; border-left:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]]; border-top:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]]; border-right:2px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]]; border-bottom:2px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];}
.popup hr {color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryDark]]; background:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryDark]]; border-bottom:1px;}
.popup li.disabled {color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]];}
.popup li a, .popup li a:visited {color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; border: none;}
.popup li a:hover {background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryLight]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; border: none;}
.popup li a:active {background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryPale]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; border: none;}
.popupHighlight {background:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];}
.listBreak div {border-bottom:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];}
.tiddler .defaultCommand {font-weight:bold;}
.shadow .title {color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];}
.title {color:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryDark]];}
.subtitle {color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];}
.toolbar {color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];}
.toolbar a {color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];}
.selected .toolbar a {color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]];}
.selected .toolbar a:hover {color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];}
.tagging, .tagged {border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryPale]]; background-color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryPale]];}
.selected .tagging, .selected .tagged {background-color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]]; border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]];}
.tagging .listTitle, .tagged .listTitle {color:[[ColorPalette::PrimaryDark]];}
.tagging .button, .tagged .button {border:none;}
.footer {color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];}
.selected .footer {color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]];}
.error, .errorButton {color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; background:[[ColorPalette::Error]];}
.warning {color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryPale]];}
.lowlight {background:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryLight]];}
.zoomer {background:none; color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]]; border:3px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]];}
.imageLink, #displayArea .imageLink {background:transparent;}
.annotation {background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryLight]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; border:2px solid [[ColorPalette::SecondaryMid]];}
.viewer .listTitle {list-style-type:none; margin-left:-2em;}
.viewer .button {border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::SecondaryMid]];}
.viewer blockquote {border-left:3px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];}
.viewer table, table.twtable {border:2px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];}
.viewer th, .viewer thead td, .twtable th, .twtable thead td {background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryMid]]; border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Background]];}
.viewer td, .viewer tr, .twtable td, .twtable tr {border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];}
.viewer pre {border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::SecondaryLight]]; background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryPale]];}
.viewer code {color:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryDark]];}
.viewer hr {border:0; border-top:dashed 1px [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]]; color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];}
.highlight, .marked {background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryLight]];}
.editor input {border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]];}
.editor textarea {border:1px solid [[ColorPalette::PrimaryMid]]; width:100%;}
.editorFooter {color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]];}
.readOnly {background:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryPale]];}
#backstageArea {background:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; color:[[ColorPalette::TertiaryMid]];}
#backstageArea a {background:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; border:none;}
#backstageArea a:hover {background:[[ColorPalette::SecondaryLight]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; }
#backstageArea a.backstageSelTab {background:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];}
#backstageButton a {background:none; color:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; border:none;}
#backstageButton a:hover {background:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; color:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; border:none;}
#backstagePanel {background:[[ColorPalette::Background]]; border-color: [[ColorPalette::Background]] [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]] [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]] [[ColorPalette::TertiaryDark]];}
.backstagePanelFooter .button {border:none; color:[[ColorPalette::Background]];}
.backstagePanelFooter .button:hover {color:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]];}
#backstageCloak {background:[[ColorPalette::Foreground]]; opacity:0.6; filter:alpha(opacity=60);}
/*}}}*/
!(Work in Progress)
Verbs that aren't marked with the paucal and plural in the lexicon can only be used as nouns with the addition of the noun convertor affix.
readOnly:true
chkHttpReadOnly:true
chkAnimate:false
chkRegExpSearch:false
chkCaseSensitiveSearch:false
chkOpenInNewWindow:true
chkLooseLinks:true
!Consonants
{{cent{
| Taijin consonants with IPA and transliteration |c
| {{ipa{IPA}}} / Trans | labiodental | alveolar | post-alveolar | velar |h
|!nasal| {{ipa{ɱ}}} m | {{ipa{n}}} n | | {{ipa{ŋ}}} n ^^1^^ |
|!plosive| | {{ipa{t d}}} t ^^2^^| | {{ipa{k g}}} k ^^2^^|
|!affricate| | {{ipa{ts dz}}} ts dz ^^3^^ | | |
|!fricative| {{ipa{f v}}} f v | {{ipa{s z}}} s z | | |
|!approximant| | | | {{ipa{ɰ}}} w |
|!tap| {{ipa{ⱱ}}} β ^^4^^ | {{ipa{ɽ}}} r | | |
|!lateral approximant| | {{ipa{l}}} l | |
}}}
# Instances of [ŋ] from Modern Ŋyjichɯn or borrowings from Wanrin change regularly to /n/.
# [d] is an allophone of [t]. [g] is an allophone of [k].
# Instances of [tʃ] and [dʒ] from Modern Ŋyjichɯn and borrowings from Wanrin change regularly to [ts] and [dz].
# Instances of [β] from Modern Ŋyjichɯn or borrowings from Wanrin change regularly to /r/.
!Restrictions
Consonants are assumed to be of the form CV(C). While internal syllables may lack an initial consonant, if the preceding syllable has a final consonant, it will become part of the next one. If an affix is added that has no initial consonant, it duplicates the first consonant. The full form is CV(V)(C)-((C)(V)(V)(C))-(CV(V)(C)), where there can be as many internal syllables as needed.
!Sandhi
* If a fricative or affricate precedes a nasal it becomes voiced.
* Plosives become voiced following a nasal or approximant.
* If a voiced and an unvoiced consonant are next to each other, change the unvoiced consonant to voiced, then move the previously unvoiced consonant one column over toward voiced consonant.
** Example: {{nya{ŋyazchyn}}}. Change /ch/ to voiced /j/ and alveolar /dz/, thus /ŋyaz-dzin/.
** Example two: (made-up word) kafji, change /f/ to /v/, then move /v/ to /z/, thus /kazji/.
* Doubled affricatives are reduced to a single one.
* In completely unstressed syllables, except the last syllable, the vowels are reduced.
** y → i
** o → e
* Front vowels following nasals are reduced in all but the first primary stressed syllable.
** y → i
* In unstressed syllables, diphthongs change to monophthongs, except /ay/ and /ai/.
** ao → a
** oi, oy, iy → i
* In unstressed syllables, long syllables become short.
* In unstressed syllables, /i/ (or reduced /y/) becomes silent. In stressed syllables /i/ is pronounced /y/.
* The diphthongs /ay/ and /ai/ are both pronounced /ai/.
!Vowels
{{cent{
| Taijin vowels with IPA and transliteration |c
| {{ipa{IPA}}} / Trans | front | central | back |h
|!close | {{ipa{i}}} y | | |
|!near-close| | {{ipa{ɪ}}} i | |
|!mid | | | {{ipa{ɤ}}} o ^^1^^ |
|!open | | {{ipa{ä}}} a | |
}}}
^^1^^ While the surveyed members insisted that the phoneme was /o/ in all cases, in unstressed vowels it becomes /ə/.
!Diphthongs and Long Vowels
Diphthongs are closing and are pronounced long. Long vowels are also possible, and indicated with a doubled vowel. On the occasion that a vowel is meant as a syllable, it is with apostrophes on either side. Those written as rising are pronounced as though the letters were reversed.
Main topics transclude minor topics. The minor topics are linked at a 'x'.
{{romList{
# [[Introduction]]
#Notes
## [[Notation]]
## [[Glossing|GlossingRules]]
# [[Phonology]] and Phonotactics
## [[Stress]]
## [[Alternation]]
# [[Word Classes|WordClasses]]
## [[Nouns]]
### Paucals & Plurals [[x|PaucalPlural]]
### Irregular Nouns [[x|IrregularNouns]]
### Noun Affixes [[x|NounAffixes]]
### Case Marking [[x|Case]]
### Pronouns [[x|Pronouns]]
#### [[Type 1|Type1Pronouns]]
#### [[Type 2|Type2Pronouns]]
##[[Simple Verbs|SVerbs]]
###[[Irregular Verbs|IrregularVerbs]]
###Polypersonal Agreement [[x|PPAgreement]]
###Negation [[x|VerbNeg]]
###Tense [[x|VerbTense]] (wip)
#[[Basic Sentences|BSentences]]
## [[Noun Incorporation|NounIncorporation]]
### Combination Form [[x|CombinationForm]]
#[[Verb Complications|CVerbs]] (wip)
##[[Descriptives]]
###Numbers
##Adpositions
###Correlatives
##Complicated bits - [[Aspect and Mood|VerbAM]]
#Particles and other bits
##Conjunctions
### Verbs
#### [[Adjectives and Adverbs|DescriptiveWords]] (wip)
##### [[Correlatives]]
##### [[Adpositions]] (wip - need more, examples, translations)
#### [[Numbers]]
##### [[Sample Numbers|SampleNumbers]]
### [[Derivation]] (wip)
#### [[Deriving from Affixes|AffixesDerivation]] (fix formatting)
#### [[Sentence Words|SentenceWords]] (fix formatting, check correctness)
## [[Syntax]] (wip)
### [[Word Order|WordOrder]] (need clause stuff & examples)
### [[Noun Incorporation|NounIncorporation]] (need examples)
### [[Clauses]] (wip)
### [[Where is the Ball?]] (wip)
## Semantics (wip)
### [[Senses]] (wip)
### [[Weather]] (wip)
### Metaphors
#### [[SmellFuture]] wip
[[WIPNotes]]
#Taijin
## Sound Changes
### [[Vowels|VowelSoundChanges]]
### [[Consonants|ConsSoundChanges]]
##Phonology
### [[Vowels|TVowels]]
### [[Consonants|TConsonants]]
### [[Taijin|TPhonotactics]]
#Wanrin
## Sound Changes
### [[Vowels|VowelSoundChanges]]
### [[Consonants|ConsSoundChanges]]
### [[Wanrin|WPhonotactics]]
##Phonology
### [[Vowels|WVowels]]
### [[Consonants|WConsonants]]
## Pragmatics
### [[Rych]]
# Writing
## [[AlphabeticalOrder]]
# [[Culture]]
## [[Names]]
# [[Lexicon]]
## [[Family]]
## [[BodyParts]]
## [[Colors]]
# [[Translations]]
}}}
!Table
!!Basic
Separate cells with |
Insert a space before cell content to right justify cell
Insert a space after cell content to left justify cell
Insert spaces before and after cell content to centre justify cell
Insert an exclamation mark (!) as the first non-space character of a cell to turn it into a header cell
|@@display:block;width:10em;left@@ | @@display:block;width:10em;centre@@ | @@display:block;width:10em;right@@|
!!Spanning
To span columns, add a ~ to the empty cells. To span rows, add a > to the empty cells.
|span|thus|
|~|some|
|span|>|
|and|so|
!!Header, footer, caption
Mark a table row as a header by adding an 'h' to the end
Mark a table row as a footer by adding an 'f' to the end
|North West|North|North East|h
|West|Here|East|
|South West|South|South East|f
A caption can be added above or below a table by adding a special row marked with a 'c':
|A caption above the table|c
|North West|North|North East|
|West|Here|East|
|South West|South|South East|
!!CSS in tables
CSS properties can be added to a table cell by preceding the cell content with CSS name/value pairs. There are two alternative forms of syntax:
{{{
|color:red; North West|opacity:0.5;North|North East|
|color(green):West|Here|East|
|South West|South|South East|
}}}
Displays as:
|color:red; North West|opacity:0.5;North|North East|
|color(green):West|Here|East|
|South West|South|South East|
!!Alternating Rows
TiddlyWiki automatically assigns the classes {{{oddRow}}} and {{{evenRow}}} to table rows {{{<TR>}}} elements. These can then be styled via the StyleSheet:
{{{
.viewer tr.oddRow { background-color: #fff; }
.viewer tr.evenRow { background-color: #ffc; }
}}}
<<cloud Theme NavigationPackage pluginInfo systemConfig transclusion transclude>>
/***
|Name|TagCloudPlugin|
|Source|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#TagCloudPlugin|
|Version|1.7.0|
|Author|Eric Shulman|
|Original Author|Clint Checketts|
|License|http://www.TiddlyTools.com/#LegalStatements|
|~CoreVersion|2.1|
|Type|plugin|
|Description|present a 'cloud' of tags (or links) using proportional font display|
!Usage
<<<
{{{
<<cloud type action:... limit:... tag tag tag ...>>
<<cloud type action:... limit:... +TiddlerName>>
<<cloud type action:... limit:... -TiddlerName>>
<<cloud type action:... limit:... =tagvalue>>
}}}
where:
* //type// is a keyword, one of:
** ''tags'' (default) - displays a cloud of tags, based on frequency of use
** ''links'' - displays a cloud of tiddlers, based on number of links //from// each tiddler
** ''references'' - displays a cloud of tiddlers, based on number of links //to// each tiddler
* ''action:popup'' (default) - clicking a cloud item shows a popup with links to related tiddlers<br>//or//<br> ''action:goto'' - clicking a cloud item immediately opens the tiddler corresponding to that item
* ''limit:N'' (optional) - restricts the cloud display to only show the N most popular tags/links
* ''tag tag tag...'' (or ''title title title'' if ''links''/''references'' is used)<br>shows all tags/links in the document //except// for those listed as macro parameters
* ''+TiddlerName''<br>show only tags/links read from a space-separated, bracketed list stored in a separate tiddler.
* ''-TiddlerName''<br>show all tags/links //except// those read from a space-separated, bracketed list stored in a separate tiddler.
* ''=tagvalue'' (//only if type=''tags''//)<br>shows only tags that are themselves tagged with the indicated tag value (i.e., ~TagglyTagging usage)
//note: for backward-compatibility, you can also use the macro {{{<<tagCloud ...>>}}} in place of {{{<<cloud ...>>}}}//
<<<
!Examples
<<<
//all tags excluding<<tag systemConfig>>, <<tag excludeMissing>> and <<tag script>>//
{{{<<cloud systemConfig excludeMissing script>>}}}
{{groupbox{<<cloud systemConfig excludeMissing script>>}}}
//top 10 tags excluding<<tag systemConfig>>, <<tag excludeMissing>> and <<tag script>>//
{{{<<cloud limit:10 systemConfig excludeMissing script>>}}}
{{groupbox{<<cloud limit:10 systemConfig excludeMissing script>>}}}
//tags listed in// [[FavoriteTags]]
{{{<<cloud +FavoriteTags>>}}}
{{groupbox{<<cloud +FavoriteTags>>}}}
//tags NOT listed in// [[FavoriteTags]]
{{{<<cloud -FavoriteTags>>}}}
{{groupbox{<<cloud -FavoriteTags>>}}}
//links to tiddlers tagged with 'package'//
{{{<<cloud action:goto =package>>}}}
{{groupbox{<<cloud action:goto =package>>}}}
//top 20 most referenced tiddlers//
{{{<<cloud references limit:20>>}}}
{{groupbox{<<cloud references limit:20>>}}}
//top 20 tiddlers that contain the most links//
{{{<<cloud links limit:20>>}}}
{{groupbox{<<cloud links limit:20>>}}}
<<<
!Revisions
<<<
2009.07.17 [1.7.0] added {{{-TiddlerName}}} parameter to exclude tags that are listed in the indicated tiddler
2009.02.26 [1.6.0] added {{{action:...}}} parameter to apply popup vs. goto action when clicking cloud items
2009.02.05 [1.5.0] added ability to show links or back-links (references) instead of tags and renamed macro to {{{<<cloud>>}}} to reflect more generalized usage.
2008.12.16 [1.4.2] corrected group calculation to prevent 'group=0' error
2008.12.16 [1.4.1] revised tag filtering so excluded tags don't affect calculations
2008.12.15 [1.4.0] added {{{limit:...}}} parameter to restrict the number of tags displayed to the top N most popular
2008.11.15 [1.3.0] added {{{+TiddlerName}}} parameter to include only tags that are listed in the indicated tiddler
2008.09.05 [1.2.0] added '=tagname' parameter to include only tags that are themselves tagged with the specified value (i.e., ~TagglyTagging usage)
2008.07.03 [1.1.0] added 'segments' property to macro object. Extensive code cleanup
<<<
!Code
***/
//{{{
version.extensions.TagCloudPlugin= {major: 1, minor: 7 , revision: 0, date: new Date(2009,7,17)};
//Originally created by Clint Checketts, contributions by Jonny Leroy and Eric Shulman
//Currently maintained and enhanced by Eric Shulman
//}}}
//{{{
config.macros.cloud = {
tagstip: "%1 tiddlers tagged with '%0'",
refslabel: " (%0 references)",
refstip: "%1 tiddlers have links to '%0'",
linkslabel: " (%0 links)",
linkstip: "'%0' has links to %1 other tiddlers",
groups: 9,
init: function() {
config.macros.tagCloud=config.macros.cloud; // for backward-compatibility
config.shadowTiddlers.TagCloud='<<cloud>>';
config.shadowTiddlers.StyleSheetTagCloud=
'/*{{{*/\n'
+'.tagCloud span {line-height: 3.5em; margin:3px;}\n'
+'.tagCloud1{font-size: 80%;}\n'
+'.tagCloud2{font-size: 100%;}\n'
+'.tagCloud3{font-size: 120%;}\n'
+'.tagCloud4{font-size: 140%;}\n'
+'.tagCloud5{font-size: 160%;}\n'
+'.tagCloud6{font-size: 180%;}\n'
+'.tagCloud7{font-size: 200%;}\n'
+'.tagCloud8{font-size: 220%;}\n'
+'.tagCloud9{font-size: 240%;}\n'
+'/*}}}*/\n';
setStylesheet(store.getTiddlerText('StyleSheetTagCloud'),'tagCloudsStyles');
},
getLinks: function(tiddler) { // get list of links to existing tiddlers and shadows
if (!tiddler.linksUpdated) tiddler.changed();
var list=[]; for (var i=0; i<tiddler.links.length; i++) {
var title=tiddler.links[i];
if (store.isShadowTiddler(title)||store.tiddlerExists(title))
list.push(title);
}
return list;
},
handler: function(place,macroName,params) {
// unpack params
var inc=[]; var ex=[]; var limit=0; var action='popup';
var links=(params[0]&¶ms[0].toLowerCase()=='links'); if (links) params.shift();
var refs=(params[0]&¶ms[0].toLowerCase()=='references'); if (refs) params.shift();
if (params[0]&¶ms[0].substr(0,7).toLowerCase()=='action:')
action=params.shift().substr(7).toLowerCase();
if (params[0]&¶ms[0].substr(0,6).toLowerCase()=='limit:')
limit=parseInt(params.shift().substr(6));
while (params.length) {
if (params[0].substr(0,1)=='+') { // read taglist from tiddler
inc=inc.concat(store.getTiddlerText(params[0].substr(1),'').readBracketedList());
} else if (params[0].substr(0,1)=='-') { // exclude taglist from tiddler
ex=ex.concat(store.getTiddlerText(params[0].substr(1),'').readBracketedList());
} else if (params[0].substr(0,1)=='=') { // get tag list using tagged tags
var tagged=store.getTaggedTiddlers(params[0].substr(1));
for (var t=0; t<tagged.length; t++) inc.push(tagged[t].title);
} else ex.push(params[0]); // exclude params
params.shift();
}
// get all items, include/exclude specific items
var items=[];
var list=(links||refs)?store.getTiddlers('title','excludeLists'):store.getTags();
for (var t=0; t<list.length; t++) {
var title=(links||refs)?list[t].title:list[t][0];
if (links) var count=this.getLinks(list[t]).length;
else if (refs) var count=store.getReferringTiddlers(title).length;
else var count=list[t][1];
if ((!inc.length||inc.contains(title))&&(!ex.length||!ex.contains(title)))
items.push({ title:title, count:count });
}
if(!items.length) return;
// sort by decending count, limit results (optional)
items=items.sort(function(a,b){return(a.count==b.count)?0:(a.count>b.count?-1:1);});
while (limit && items.length>limit) items.pop();
// find min/max and group size
var most=items[0].count;
var least=items[items.length-1].count;
var groupSize=(most-least+1)/this.groups;
// sort by title and draw the cloud of items
items=items.sort(function(a,b){return(a.title==b.title)?0:(a.title>b.title?1:-1);});
var cloudWrapper = createTiddlyElement(place,'div',null,'tagCloud',null);
for (var t=0; t<items.length; t++) {
cloudWrapper.appendChild(document.createTextNode(' '));
var group=Math.ceil((items[t].count-least)/groupSize)||1;
var className='tagCloudtag tagCloud'+group;
var tip=refs?this.refstip:links?this.linkstip:this.tagstip;
tip=tip.format([items[t].title,items[t].count]);
if (action=='goto') { // TAG/LINK/REFERENCES GOTO
var btn=createTiddlyLink(cloudWrapper,items[t].title,true,className);
btn.title=tip;
btn.style.fontWeight='normal';
} else if (!links&&!refs) { // TAG POPUP
var btn=createTiddlyButton(cloudWrapper,items[t].title,tip,onClickTag,className);
btn.setAttribute('tag',items[t].title);
} else { // LINK/REFERENCES POPUP
var btn=createTiddlyButton(cloudWrapper,items[t].title,tip,
function(ev) { var e=ev||window.event; var cmt=config.macros.cloud;
var popup = Popup.create(this);
var title = this.getAttribute('tiddler');
var count = this.getAttribute('count');
var refs = this.getAttribute('refs')=='T';
var links = this.getAttribute('links')=='T';
var label = (refs?cmt.refslabel:cmt.linkslabel).format([count]);
createTiddlyLink(popup,title,true);
createTiddlyText(popup,label);
createTiddlyElement(popup,'hr');
if (refs) {
popup.setAttribute('tiddler',title);
config.commands.references.handlePopup(popup,title);
}
if (links) {
var tiddler = store.fetchTiddler(title);
var links=config.macros.cloud.getLinks(tiddler);
for(var i=0;i<links.length;i++)
createTiddlyLink(createTiddlyElement(popup,'li'),
links[i],true);
}
Popup.show();
e.cancelBubble=true; if(e.stopPropagation) e.stopPropagation();
return false;
}, className);
btn.setAttribute('tiddler',items[t].title);
btn.setAttribute('count',items[t].count);
btn.setAttribute('refs',refs?'T':'F');
btn.setAttribute('links',links?'T':'F');
btn.title=tip;
}
}
}
};
//}}}
TiddlyWiki <<version>>
!Links
tilde ~WikiWord = not linked wikiword.
http://www.ebay.com = link
title|wikiword in double brackets = custom title. Also works for urls. Example [[Ebay|http://www.ebay.com]]
!Text Formatting
{{{''Bold''}}} ''bold''
{{{//Italic//}}} //italic//
{{{^^Superscript^^}}} This is ^^superscript^^
{{{~~Subscript~~}}} This is ~~subcript~~
@@Highlight@@ {{{@@highlighted@@}}}
No wiki formatting:
* wrap in curly braces <nowiki> {{{ }}} </nowiki>
* surround with nowiki tags {{{ <nowiki> </nowiki> }}}
* surround with three double quotes {{{ """ """ }}}
!Lists
Mixed lists
# ordered
#* unordered
#*;term
#*:definition
* unordered list, level 1 {{{* Level one }}}
** unordered list, level 2 {{{** level two}}}
# ordered list, level 1 {{{# Level one}}}
## ordered list, level 2 {{{## Level two}}}
; definition list, term {{{;term}}}
: definition list, description {{{:definition}}}
> Blockquote level one {{{> level one}}}
>> Blockquote level two {{{>> level two}}}
Block format
<<<
Surround with {{{<<<}}} on either side
Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Integer ut suscipit tellus. Sed tempor aliquam tincidunt. Nullam ac felis ut sem porttitor posuere at eget nisl. Maecenas pharetra, nulla quis interdum consequat, arcu dui iaculis justo, a scelerisque orci ipsum quis tortor. Curabitur suscipit faucibus dolor id ultrices. Praesent felis purus, molestie quis pellentesque aliquam, congue eu dolor. Nunc iaculis leo in dui bibendum rutrum. Duis laoreet, ipsum quis tempor luctus, neque massa mattis urna, sit amet scelerisque justo enim non elit.
<<<
!Header one
!!Header two
!!!Header three
!!!!Header four
!!!!!Header five
!!!!!!Header six
!Custom CSS
{{{
@@color:#4bbbbb;Some random text@@
}}}
Displays as:
@@color:#4bbbbb;Some random text@@
Width can be specified, but it has to be in 'em', and must include 'display:block'
| @@display:block;width:20em; (20em) This works@@ | lipsum |
| lipsum | @@display:block;width:150px; (150px) This doesn't@@ |
| lipsum | @@width:30em; (30em, no display block)<br>Also doesn't@@ |
class wrapper: <nowiki> {{customClass{...}}} </nowiki>
!HTML
HTML can be dropped in, by surrounding it with """<html> </html>"""
!Images
{{{[img[title|filename]]}}} - Image with alt-text
{{{[img[filename]]}}} Just image
{{{[img[title|filename][link]]}}} Linked image with alt-text
{{{[img[filename][link]]}}} Linked image
{{{[<img[title|image.jpg]]}}} Float left (clear with CSS)
{{{[>img[title|image.jpg]]}}} Float right (clear with CSS)
!Useful Links
[[Tiddlywiki on Tiddlyspace|http://tiddlywiki.tiddlyspace.com]]
|~ViewToolbar|closeTiddler closeOthers +editTiddler > fields syncing permalink references jump|
|~EditToolbar|+saveTiddler -cancelTiddler deleteTiddler|
[[GlossingRules]]
!(Work in Progress)
random translations.
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''Silvorkatsɯn sɯrŋyjy myomchitoty''//|>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''Silvorkat-sɯn''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''sɯrŋy-jy''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''myom-chi-to-ty''// |
|~Silvercat-ACC |my-NOM |name-1.~SBJ-1.~POBJ-name |
|Silvercat is my name|>|>|
}}}
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''moŋjy myomɒzyvty zɯzɯn''//|>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''moŋ-jy''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''myom-ɒz-yv-ty''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''zɯ-zɯn''// |
|2sg.~POSS-NOM |name-2.~SBJ-3.~POBJ-name |what?-ACC |
|What is your name?|>|>|
}}}
idiomatic - zɯzɯn is replaced by the name.
{{nya{jyor ŋa-za-zyich ŋa-fa-fi-jio-jɯn-im}}}
it 3.~SBJ-3.~OBJ-over 3.~SBJ-3.~OBJ-stand-water.ACC
It stands over water.
({{nya{zyich}}} = over; {{nya{fim}}} = to stand) jio = water
{{nya{ŋa-fim}}}
it 3.SBJ.stand
It stands.
{{nya{wi-ŋa-βi jyor ŋa-fim}}}
here-3.SBJ it 3.~SBJ-stand
It stands here.
{{nya{wi-ŋa-βi jyor ŋa-fim-fokil}}}
here-3.SBJ it 3.~SBJ-stand-PRF
It stood here.
{{nya{jyor ny-ŋa-ma wao-ŋa-vo}}}
it-SBJ 3.~SBJ-through 3.~SBJ-burn
It burns through.
({{nya{nyma}}} = through, {{nya{waovo}}} = to burn.)
{{nya{wy si-chachɯ-mɯyβan-ŋa'a'sifuu}}}
he walk-to.3rd.~OBJ-her.~OBJ-3.~SBJ-3.ACC
He walks to her.
({{nya{sisifuu}}} = to walk, {{nya{chɯ}}} = to)
chajɒwnyki - the color white (incorporated words)
chalafonyki - fire colored (incorporated words)
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''kyoŋa'a'ytnuf kɒilŋa'a'nankochukɯntokyy suɯr tichimyk''//|>|>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''kyo-ŋa-a-yt-nuf''//|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''kɒil-ŋa-a-nan-kochu-kɯn-to-kyy''//|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''suɯr''//|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ti-chi-myk''//|
|able-(va.3.SBJ)-(va.3.SBJ)-able-(NEG)|sleep-(va.3.SBJ)-(va.3.SBJ)-some-night(PL)-(na.OBJ)-some-sleep|1SG.SBJ|hate-(va.1.SBJ)-hate|
|not-able to-sleep-some-nights, I hate|>|>|>|
|I hate not being able to sleep some nights.|>|>|>|
|({{nya{timyk}}} = hate, {{nya{kyo'yt}}} = to be able to, {{nya{kɒilkyy}}} = sleep, {{nya{kouch}}}, plural {{nya{kochu}}} = night, {{nya{nanto}}} = some - doesn't mark plural)|>|>|>|
}}}
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''mow sɯrŋy sii'umtonirykofunɯnnyrykomazivi''//|>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''mow''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''sɯrŋy''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''sii-um-to-nirykofun-ɯn-ny-ryko-ma-zivi''//|
|2SG|1SG.POSS|brush-(va.2.SBJ)-(va.1.OBJ)-(nose-fur-STEM)-brush-IMP|
|you|my|brush-nose-fur|
|You, brush my nose fur|>|>|
|{{nya{nifon}}} = nose, {{nya{ryko}}} = fur or hair, {{nya{siinyrykoma}}} = to brush (literally, to move as through brush through hair)|>|>|
}}}
corrected:
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''nyu siiŋasyvsisi nyŋayvrichoma''//|>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''nyu''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''sii-ŋa-syv-sisi''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ny-ŋa-yv-richo-ma''// |
|it |(va.3.SBJ)-(va.3.OBJ)-move |through-(va.3.SBJ)-(va.3.OBJ)-hair-(na.OBJ)-through|
|it moves through hair|>|>|
|({{nya{sisi}}} = to move as through brush)|>|>|
}}}
!This one is correct, check others
it is put over something
ha-zyv-zyich wi-ha-yv-zato-mu nyu-Ø
3.SBJ-3.POBJ-over put-3.SBJ-3.POBJ-something-put it.ACC
should be in sentence words as well
water rises fast (derivation of flood)
mo-ha-ras fi-ha-ji-ryr
rise-3.SBJ-rise fast-3.SBJ-water-fast
Zx. M-uizz-ow fo-fɒz-chi-suɯran-chiŋochɯŋyt-nuf-jafɒ. Muvɯ-βi-ɯn ty-tɒz-tyv-mow-βyytoka-zivi. Mottofiizoylko-zivi.
What! 2nd.NOM-(pejorative) believe-2nd.SBJ-1st.DOBJ-me-NEG-SBJV! (Intensifier)-this-ACC look-1st.SBJ.3rd.DOBJ-you-IMP. Follow-IMP.
What?! You scum don't believe me? Watch THIS! Follow (Come on)!
!Overview
Ŋyjichɯn doesn't mark gender, but has multiple third person pronouns that correspond historically with 'he', 'she', and 'it'. However in modern use, they correspond with third or proximate, fourth or obviative, and fifth or further obviative person and living creatures. This transition happened at right before the development of Modern Ŋyjichɯn and is usually set as the separator of Modern Ŋyjichɯn from Middle Ŋyjichɯn, along with spelling standardization.
While these pronouns are otherwise treated like nouns, they don't take the subject or object markers, unless they are in the possessive form.
There is a second set of first person pronouns that were historically used for reflexive and emphatic purposes, and now is primarily used by {{nya{[[βych|Rych]]}}} in warrior-speech (although it may still be used for emphasis). This change came about in the Middle Ŋyjichɯn period.
!Type I Pronouns
{{cent{
|Personal pronouns, in singular, paucal, and plural forms|c
|border-right:2px solid;|>|>|border-right:2px solid; nominative |>|>|border-right:2px solid; accusative/dative |>|>| possessive form^^1^^ |h
|border-right:2px solid;| sing. | paucal |border-right:2px solid; plural | sing. | paucal |border-right:2px solid; plural | sing. | paucal | plural |h
|border-top:2px solid;border-right:2px solid;!1st person |border-top:2px solid; suɯr |border-top:2px solid; -- |border-top:2px solid;border-right:2px solid; -- |border-top:2px solid; suɯran |border-top:2px solid; -- |border-top:2px solid;border-right:2px solid; -- |border-top:2px solid; sɯrŋy |border-top:2px solid; -- |border-top:2px solid; -- |
|border-right:2px solid;!1st paucal / plural, inclusive | -- | rɯsa |border-right:2px solid; russa | -- | rɯsan |border-right:2px solid; russan | -- | rɯsŋy | rusŋy |
|border-right:2px solid;!1st paucal / plural, exclusive | -- | joollɒ |border-right:2px solid; jɒllɒ | -- | joollɒan |border-right:2px solid; jɒllɒan | -- | joollɒŋy | jɒllɒŋy |
|border-right:2px solid;!1st person, reflexive, emphatic | zɯt | jit |border-right:2px solid; jitto | zɯtan | jitan |border-right:2px solid; jitton | zɯtŋy | jitŋy | jiŋy |
|border-right:2px solid;!2nd person | mow | muw |border-right:2px solid; mowlo | moan | muan |border-right:2px solid; mowlan | moŋ | moŋy | mowŋy |
|border-right:2px solid;!3rd (1st antecedent) (she) | ly | lyw |border-right:2px solid; lyyw |>| lyan |border-right:2px solid; lylan |>| lyŋy | lyyŋy |
|border-right:2px solid;!4th (2nd antecedent) (he) | mɯyβ | myββy |border-right:2px solid; mɯyββy | mɯyβan | myββyn |border-right:2px solid; mɯyββyn | mɯyβŋy | myβŋy | mɯyβŋy |
|border-right:2px solid;!5th person (3rd antecedent / it - living)^^2^^ | jyor | joorro |border-right:2px solid; jorro | jyoran | joorran |border-right:2px solid; jorran | jyorŋy | joorŋy | jorŋy |
|border-right:2px solid;!3nd person (inanimate) | nyu | nyynyu |border-right:2px solid; nynyu | nyinan | nyynun |border-right:2px solid; nynyun | nyuŋy | nyyŋy | nyŋy |
|@@font-weight:normal;^^1^^ The possessive form can take the place of other forms, with the addition of the appropriate noun affix.@@<br>|c
|@@font-weight:normal;^^2^^ This is primarily used for animals, but see below.@@ <br>|c
}}}
{{nya{Jyor}}} and its declensions are used for any living non-sapient, as well as fire and things that are burning, plants, and natural water like rain, oceans, rivers, and lakes. {{nya{Nyu}}} is used for dead things, plucked plants, cut down trees, wood, stone, body parts, and other liquid like fruit juice, spilled blood, pitchers of water, etc.
{{nya{zɯt}}} and {{nya{jit}}} can be added to other pronouns to add emphasis, for example, {{nya{mowzɯt}}}, to say ''//you!//''
Ŋyjichɯn doesn't use dummy pronouns.
!Overview
These pronouns do not mark number. They precede the noun if used with one. Compare with the [[correlative table|Correlatives]]. They, along with the other correlatives, are [[irregular verbs|IrregularVerbs]].
!Type II Pronouns
{{cent{
|>| |border-left:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid; query |border-left:2px solid;border-right:2px solid; demonstrative |>|>|>|>| quantifier |h
|>|border-bottom:2px solid; |~|border-left:2px solid;border-bottom:2px solid; this / that |border-bottom:2px solid;border-left:2px solid; some |border-bottom:2px solid; any |border-bottom:2px solid; no |border-bottom:2px solid; every |border-bottom:2px solid; alternative |h
|! |! base |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{zɯ}}} (what?) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{βi}}} (this / that) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{to}}} (some) | {{nya{sa}}} (any) | {{nya{katɯ}}} (not) | {{nya{lɯvu}}} (every) | {{nya{nina}}} (other) |
|! person |! {{nya{viβ}}} |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{vizɯ}}} (who?) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{viββi}}} (this / that person) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{viβto}}} (someone) | {{nya{viβsa}}} (anyone) | {{nya{viβka}}} (no one) | {{nya{viβlɯ}}} (everyone) | {{nya{niviβ}}} (someone else) |
|! possession |! {{nya{ŋɯŋy}}} |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{ŋɯzɯ}}} (whose?) |border-left:2px solid; |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{ŋɯto}}} (someone's) | {{nya{ŋɯsa}}} (anyone's) | {{nya{ŋɯka}}} (no one's) | {{nya{ŋɯlɯ}}} (everyone's) | |
|! living non-human^^1^^ |! {{nya{rarɯ}}} |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{razɯ}}} (which?) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{raβi}}} (this / that animal) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{rato}}} (some animal) | {{nya{rasa}}} (any animal) | {{nya{raka}}} (no animal) | {{nya{ralɯ}}} (every animal) | {{nya{nira}}} (another animal) |
|! one out of paucal |! {{nya{vini}}} |border-left:2px solid; |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{vinβi}}} (this / that one) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{vinto}}} (one) | {{nya{vinsa}}} (any) | {{nya{vinka}}} (none) | {{nya{vinlɯ}}} (each) | {{nya{nivin}}} (another) |
|! one out of plural |! {{nya{nana}}} |border-left:2px solid; |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{nanβi}}} (this / that one) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{nanto}}} (some) | {{nya{nansa}}} (any) | {{nya{nanka}}} (none) | {{nya{nanlɯ}}} (both) | {{nya{ninnan}}} (another) |
|! thing |! {{nya{zɒzɒ}}} |border-left:2px solid; |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{zɒβi}}}^^2^^ (this / that) |border-left:2px solid; {{nya{zɒto}}} (something) | {{nya{zɒsa}}} (anything) | {{nya{zɒka}}} (nothing) | {{nya{zɒlɯ}}} (everything) | {{nya{nizɒ}}} (something else) |
|@@font-weight:normal;^^1^^ This is primarily used for animals, but can be used for any living creature, similarly to {{nya{ [[jyor|Type1Pronouns]]}}}.@@<br>|c
|@@font-weight:normal;^^2^^ What rules dictate when to use {{nya{βi}}} and when to use {{nya{zɒβi}}} are complex and this researcher has not yet been able to determine them exactly. See below.@@<br>|c
}}}
!Question Words
It's very uncommon for the query words to be incorporated and they usually come last in a sentence. They are often used as the verb, as below.
!{{nya{βi}}} versus {{nya{zɒβi}}}
Logically {{nya{βi}}} should be used as a determiner with a noun, while {{nya{zɒβi}}} should be used without one, but this isn't so. In questions, {{nya{βi}}} is usually, but not always, used instead of {{nya{zɒβi}}}. Most often {{nya{βi}}} is used for abstract concepts and, generally, when you don't know what sort of thing you're referring to. For example:
{{cent{
{{noborder{
|What is that animal/plant? |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''raβi ŋazɯ?''// |
|What is that person? |{{nya{viββi ŋazɯ?}}} |
|What is that (thing I don't recognize)? |{{nya{zɒβi ŋazɯ?}}} |
|What is that (something I can't see)? |{{nya{βi ŋazɯ?}}} |
|What is that (I didn't hear you)? |{{nya{βi ŋazɯ?}}} |
|What is that (word I don't recognize)? |{{nya{βi ŋazɯ?}}} |
}}} }}}
In all these questions and to answer, one could use {{nya{βi}}} and point as necessary. It may be that {{nya{βi}}} and {{nya{zɒβi}}} are used in free variation, with only modest preference in certain situations. In statements, the specific forms are much more common.
!Example Usage, with pronouns highlighted
{{cent{
{{noborder{
|Is that your cat? |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''moŋ chunɯn @@βi@@jy ŋayv@@zɯ@@?''// |
|Which one? |{{nya{@@vinto@@ @@ra@@ŋa@@zɯ@@?}}} |
|That one. The grey one. |{{nya{@@vinto@@ @@ra@@ŋa@@βi@@. lyŋaasim @@vinto@@.}}} |
|No. That's not mine. |{{nya{mit. sɯrŋy kaŋa@@βi@@}}} |
}}} }}}
!!Full Gloss
{{cent{
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''moŋ''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''chun-ɯn''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''βi-jy''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ŋa-yv-zɯ''// |
|2.SG.POSS |cat-ACC |that-NOM |3.~SBJ-3.~POBJ-Q |
}}} }}}
{{cent{
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''vinto''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ra<ŋa>zɯ''// |
|one.of.paucal |<3.SBJ>Q.which.animal |
}}} }}}
{{cent{
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''vinto''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ra<ŋa>βi.''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ly<ŋa>asim''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''vinto''// |
|one.of.paucal |<3.SBJ>that.animal |<3.SBJ>grey |one.of.paucal |
}}} }}}
{{cent{
{{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''mit.''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''sɯrŋy''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ka-ŋa-βi''// |
|no. |1.SG.POSS |~NEG-3.~SBJ-that |
Aspect and mood modifiers are attached to the end of the verb.
Aspect:
* {{nya{natoɯf}}}, habitual. To do often or regularly. To create a verb that repeats, prefix with the combo form (when incorporating, this stays in front, then the first syllable)
* {{nya{sɯtsy}}}, prospective - Fixin' to, about to
* {{nya{zirkɒ}}}, retrospective. Relevant to future/present. Starting in one point of time and continues.
* {{nya{forri}}}, progressive / continuous - is in progress, is occurring during another action
Mood:
* {{nya{tytu}}}, hortative (requests, hopes, and wishes) (I wish you would, I hope you would, Would you please, should) I'm hungy so I should eat - eat would use hortative - see [[Clauses]] for conjunctions
* {{nya{zivi}}}, imperative (commands)
* {{nya{jafɒ}}}, irrealis (subjunctive - if, like, as - no prepositions needed. conditional - would if. potential - probably would or probably will - never in present tense.)
!Negation
The particle {{nya{ka-}}} prefixes a verb to be negated and often the irregular verb {{nya{katɯ}}} follows the main verb to reinforce the meaning.
Continuing as before:
{{noborder{
{{cent{
|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|Regular:|h
|>|>|>|The cat doesn't walk. |>|>|>|{{nya{chun kazaŋa'yrtɒ}}} or {{nya{chun kazaŋa'yrtɒ ŋakatɯ}}} |
|{{nya{chun}}} | |{{nya{ka-}}} |{{nya{za-}}} |{{nya{-ŋa-}}} | | |{{nya{-'yrtɒ}}} |
||(tense) |(neg.) |''v. start'' |(sbj agr.) |(p. obj agr.) |(s. obj agr.) |''v. end'' |
|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|Irregular and single syllable:|h
|>|>|>|The cat doesn't run. |>|>|>|{{nya{chun kaŋafɒmfomfii}}} or {{nya{chun kaŋafɒmfomfii ŋakatɯ}}} |
|{{nya{chun}}} | |{{nya{ka-}}} |{{nya{ŋa-}}} | | |{{nya{fɒ-}}} |{{nya{-mfomfii}}} |
| |(tense) |(neg.) |(sbj agr.) |(p. obj agr.) |(s. obj agr.) |''v. start'' |''v. end'' |
}}}
}}}
!Tense
The tense prefixes are very straightforward.
{{cent{
| tense | affix |h
| past | vɯ |
| future | fon |
}}}
The future affix {{nya{fon}}} is related to {{nya{nifon}}} //'smell'// as smell is often used idiomatically for predictions of the future. Further information about this semantic metaphor is [[presented here.|SmellFuture]]
Past Example:
{{noborder{
{{cent{
|Regular:|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|h
|>|>|>|The cats walked to the kitchen. |>|>|>|>|{{nya{chɯɯnnujy lonzaŋooŋof'yrtɒ fajofas}}} |
|{{nya{chɯɯnnu-jy}}} |{{nya{vɯ-}}} | |{{nya{za-}}} |{{nya{-ŋooŋ-}}} | |{{nya{-of-}}} |{{nya{-'yrtɒ}}} |{{nya{fajo-f-as}}} |
| |(tense) |(neg.) |''v. start'' |(sbj agr.) |(p. obj agr.) |(s. obj agr.) |''v. end'' ||
|Irregular and single syllable:|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|h
|>|>|>|The cats ran to the kitchen. |>|>|>|>|{{nya{chɯɯnnujy lonŋooŋfoffɒmfomfii fajofas}}} |
|{{nya{chɯɯnnu}}} |{{nya{vɯ-}}} | |{{nya{ŋooŋ-}}} | |{{nya{f-of-}}}|{{nya{fɒ-}}} |{{nya{-mfomfii}}} |{{nya{fajo-f-as}}} |
| |(tense) |(neg.) |(sbj agr.) |(p. obj agr.) |(s. obj agr.) |''v. start'' |''v. end'' | |
}}}
}}}
Future Example:
{{noborder{
{{cent{
|Regular:|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|h
|>|>|>|The cats will walk to the kitchen. |>|>|>|>|{{nya{chɯɯnnujy lonzaŋooŋof'yrtɒ fajofas}}} |
|{{nya{chɯɯnnu-jy}}} |{{nya{fon-}}} | |{{nya{za-}}} |{{nya{-ŋooŋ-}}} | |{{nya{-of-}}} |{{nya{-'yrtɒ}}} |{{nya{fajo-f-as}}} |
| |(tense) |(neg.) |''v. start'' |(sbj agr.) |(p. obj agr.) |(s. obj agr.) |''v. end'' ||
|Irregular and single syllable:|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|>|h
|>|>|>|The cats will run to the kitchen. |>|>|>|>|{{nya{chɯɯnnujy lonŋooŋfoffɒmfomfii fajofas}}} |
|{{nya{chɯɯnnu}}} |{{nya{fon-}}} | |{{nya{ŋooŋ-}}} | |{{nya{f-of-}}}|{{nya{fɒ-}}} |{{nya{-mfomfii}}} |{{nya{fajo-f-as}}} |
| |(tense) |(neg.) |(sbj agr.) |(p. obj agr.) |(s. obj agr.) |''v. start'' |''v. end'' | |
}}}
}}}
<!--{{{-->
<div class='toolbar' macro='toolbar [[ToolbarCommands::ViewToolbar]]'></div>
<div class='title' macro='view title'></div>
<div class='subtitle'><span macro='view modifier link'></span>, <span macro='view modified date'></span> (<span macro='message views.wikified.createdPrompt'></span> <span macro='view created date'></span>)</div>
<div class='tagging' macro='tagging'></div>
<div class='tagged' macro='tags'></div>
<div class='viewer' macro='view text wikified'></div>
<div class='tagClear'></div>
<!--}}}-->
!Sound Changes
As the Taijin and Wanrin dialects developed, the vowel inventory reduced to four. See [[Taijin vowels|TVowels]] and [[Wanrin vowels|WVowels]].
''Taijin''
y → i (transliterated as /y/)
ʏ → ɪ (near-close central unrounded) (transliterated as /i/)
ʊ → ɪ (near-close central unrounded) (transliterated as /i/)
ɜ → ɤ ^^1^^ (transliterated as /o/)
a → ä (transliterated as /a/)
ɒ → ä (transliterated as /a/)
''Wanrin''
ʊ → ʏ (transliterated as /i/)
ɜ → ə ^^1^^ (transliterated as /o/)
ɒ → a (transliterated as /a/)
^^1^^ While each dialect uses the vowel shown, in practice, it becomes /ə/ in unstressed vowels in both dialects.
The phoneme ɯ is a complicated case. While it vanished in both dialects, the exact mechanism is not yet clear to this researcher. {{ooc{In other words, I haven't figured it all out yet. It varies depending on context.}}}
Taijin has only closing diphthongs. Those written as rising are merely reversed. Wanrin only has rising.
Wanrin preserves some opening diphthongs, those starting with /y/, /i/, and those that originally began with /ɯ/. In Wanrin the phoneme /i/ when used in a dipthong is pronounced the same as /y/ (so /ai/ and /ay/ are the same, etc).
!Consonants
{{cent{
| Wanrin consonants with IPA and transliteration |c
| {{ipa{IPA}}} / Trans | labiodental | alveolar | post-alveolar | velar |h
|!nasal| {{ipa{ɱ}}} m | {{ipa{n}}} n | | {{ipa{ŋ}}} ŋ |
|!plosive| | {{ipa{t d}}} t ^^1^^| | {{ipa{k g}}} k ^^1^^|
|!affricate| | | {{ipa{tʃ dʒ}}} ch j | |
|!fricative| {{ipa{f v}}} f ^^1^^ | | {{ipa{ʃ ʒ}}} sh zh ^^3^^ | |
|!approximant| | | | {{ipa{ɰ}}} w |
|!tap| {{ipa{ⱱ}}} β | {{ipa{ɽ}}} r | | |
|!lateral approximant| | {{ipa{l}}} l | |
}}}
# [d] is an allophone of [t]. [g] is an allophone of [k]. [v] is an allophone of [f].
# [sh] and [zh] are generally written as /s/ and /z/.
There is no single word for 'do' - use make/assemble/create (saloa), act / function (mɯnalak), finish (lɯβfɯt), exert (fifivi), cause (derived from -miir-). 'Did you' would just be the main verb and a question marker.
in queries, orders, and requests, the form is slightly different depending on whether you're talking to a mychsy or rych (preserved in Wanrin as a 'polite' form).
Paucals add sound change to the plural, however the specifics are slightly different from [[Modern Ŋyjichɯn |Paucals]], Taijin, and Wanrin. Maybe one of them drops the paucal or uses it very rarely?
rych speak more roughly and clipped than mychsy who speak more roughly than Wanrin.
rych: change /k/ to a glottal stop between vowels?
words with syllabalic vowels, copy consonant from somewhere else - Wanrin and Taijin each do differently.
Taijin and Wanrin dialects are a spectrum
in Taijin and Wanrin fuse the verb affixes, so one marks for both sbj and obj (http://www.incatena.org/viewtopic.php?f=10&t=40054 - Not all polysynthetic languages have separate affixes for subjects and objects, however. In many cases the morphemes are partly or entirely fused together, such that a single affix marks the person, number, etc. of both subject and object. A good example is the Iroquoian languages. For instance, the Seneca verbal prefix she- marks both that the subject is second person and that the object is plural, as in ëshéo:wi’ (~FUT-2SUBJ/pl.~OBJ-tell-PUNCTUAL), "you will tell them." For another example, consider the Cariban language Dekwana, where w- indicates a first person subject and third person object, while y- indicates a third person subject and first person object. Thus, contrast wedanta, "I meet him/her", with yedanta, "s/he meets me.")
Wanrin is more lisping. W → l in more places, z → s, ch → j
Taijin would see the Wanrin as speaking more formally, while the Wanrin would have difficulties understanding a Taijin person's colloquial speech because of all the vocabulary changes. For example, a Taijin speaker uses the same word for butt and tail, while a Wanrin speaker would only recognize that as referring to tail.
!from Stress
; Do the primary stressed syllables end with a consonant?
: ''Yes'', finished. ''No,'' move the consonant of the next syllable to the end of the stressed syllable. (Does not apply to Modern Ŋyjichɯn.)
!Historical Sound Changes
initial h → Ø before back vowels
initial h → f before front and mid vowels
final h → Ø
medial h → Ø between short vowels
medial h → k after long back vowels
medial h → t after long front vowels
medial h → l after falling dipththongs (/l/ phoneme added in Middle Nyji)
medial h → w after rising dipththongs (/w/ phoneme added in Middle Nyji)
i → Ø after voiced consonants
vowels:
a split into a and ɒ
u split into u, i and ɯ
v split into v, f, and β
!Restrictions
Consonants are assumed to be of the form CV(C). While internal syllables may lack an initial consonant, if the preceding syllable has a final consonant, it will become part of the next one. If an affix is added that has no initial consonant, it duplicates the first consonant.
The full form is CV(V)(C)-((C)(V)(V)(C))-(CV(V)(C)), where there can be as many internal syllables as needed.
!Sandhi
* If a fricative or affricate precedes a nasal it becomes voiced.
* Plosives become voiced following a nasal or approximant.
* If a voiced and an unvoiced consonant are next to each other, change the voiced consonant to unvoiced, then move the place of articulation of the unvoiced consonant one closer to the previously voiced consonant.
** Example: {{nya{ŋyazchyn}}} (pronounced [ŋyazh-chyn]. Change /zh/ to unvoiced and post-alveolar /sh/, thus /ŋyash-chyn/.
** Example two: (made-up word) kafji, change /j/ to /ch/, move /f/ to alveolar /ch/, /kachchi/.
* In completely unstressed syllables, except the last syllable, the vowels are reduced.
** y → i
** o → e
* Front vowels following nasals are reduced in all but the first primary stressed syllable.
** y → i
* In unstressed syllables, diphthongs change to monophthongs, except /ay/ and /ai/.
** ao → a
** oi, oy, iy → i
* In unstressed syllables, long syllables become short.
* In stressed syllables /i/ is pronounced /y/.
* The diphthongs /ay/ and /ai/ are both pronounced /ai/.
!Vowels
{{cent{
| Wanrin vowels with IPA and transliteration |c
| {{ipa{IPA}}} / Trans | front | central | back |h
|!close | {{ipa{y}}} y | | |
|!near-close| | {{ipa{ʏ}}} i | |
|!mid | | {{ipa{ə}}} o | |
|!open | | {{ipa{a}}} a | |
}}}
* /y/ and /i/ are rounded, the rest are not.
!Diphthongs and Long Vowels
Wanrin preserves some opening diphthongs, those starting with /y/, /i/, and those that originally began with /ɯ/. In Wanrin the phoneme /i/ when used in a dipthong is pronounced the same as /y/ (so /ai/ and /ay/ are the same, etc). On the occasion that a vowel is meant as a syllable, it is with apostrophes on either side.
The general Ŋyjichɯn word for weather is {{nya{riamyaw}}} (sky, weather, season). To talk about specific phenomena, however, one must choose between {{nya{siysiss}}} (whisper, quiet, light or soft sounds) and {{nya{ŋolyrtyi}}} (roar, loud, yell). Snowstorms without heavy wind, soft rain, wind, mild temperatures, fog, mist, etc are covered by {{nya{siysiss}}}. Thunderstorms, sudden or heavy rain and snow, hail, blizzards, heavy wind, extreme heat or cold are called {{nya{ŋolyrtyi}}}.
Metaphors: weather is sound / weather is smell
Ŋyjichɯn doesn't use dummy pronouns; rather the sky or landscape does something, or the weather rises or falls.
; It's cold / it's hot
: The sky colds / hots
: The forest colds / hots
: Cold / heat rises
: Cold / heat falls
: The sky has cold / heat (with cold / heat fronted)
; It's hot
: The sun falls
; It's going to be hot
: The forest / sky / day smells like sun
; It's raining
: The sky falls
: The air falls
: Rain falls
; It's snowing
: The sky / air snows
: The sky / air whites
: The sky / air has snow
; It's windy
: The air blows
: Leaves fall
: Wind falls
: Wind rises
; The weather is becoming harsh.
: Sky / forest is becoming ŋolyrtyi
; It's getting nice.
: Sky / forest is becoming siysiss
Velar nasal = ŋ = &#331;
Capital form = Ŋ = &#330;
Labiodental tap = β = &beta;
Capital = ß = &#223;
Close back vowel = ɯ = &#623;
Capital = Ɯ = &412;
Open back vowel = ɒ = &#594;
(no capital that will show up consistently available)
Apostrophe = &#39; (for when I need two next to each other, because that's tiddly code for bold)
∅ = &empty; = inherent category (for when stuff is left out)
Primary stress = ˈ
Secondary stress = ˌ
glottal stop = ʔ
long vowel = ː
ːʔ
It can be difficult for new Nyji speakers to decide when to use lɯch, βɯzz, and limu. βɯzz means in, between, among, within, at. lɯch means on, in contact with, beside, with, at. Limu means at a generic location. The examples below should help disambiguate the three.
timu ŋalizɯ - where is the ball?
[<img[title|images/in-bowl.gif]] {{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''zajvykɯn ŋaβɯŋyuzz ''// |>|
|It's in the bowl|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''zajvyk-ɯn''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ŋa-βɯ-ŋyu-zz''// |
|bowl-ACC |3.~SBJ-in-it-in |
}}}
versus
[<img[title|images/on-bowl.gif]] {{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''zajvykɯn ŋalɯŋyuch ''// |>|
|It's on the bowl|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''zajvyk-ɯn''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ŋa-lɯ-ŋyu-ch''// |
|bowl-ACC |3.~SBJ-on-it-on |
}}}
[<img[title|images/among-balls.gif]] {{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''nivin timɯɯmutɯn ŋaβɯŋyuzz''// |>|>|
|It's among/with the other balls |>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''nivin''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''timɯɯmu-tɯn''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ŋa-βɯ-ŋyu-zz''// |
|other| balls-ACC |3.~SBJ-with-it-with |
}}}
versus
[<img[title|images/beside-balls.gif]] {{noborder{
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''nivin timɯɯmutɯn ŋalɯŋyuch ''// |>|>|
|It's beside/with the other balls |>|>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''nivin''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''timɯɯmu-tɯn''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ŋa-lɯ-ŋyu-ch''// |
|other| balls-ACC |3.~SBJ-with-it-with |
}}}
In some cases, either lɯch or βɯzz can be used.
[<img[title|images/in-water.gif]]
{{noborder{
|>|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''jioɯn ŋaβɯŋyuzz ''// | @@display:block;width:7em;OR@@ |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''jioɯn ŋalɯŋyuch ''// |>|
|>|It's in the water|~|It's in the water |>|
|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''jio-ɯn''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ŋa-βɯ-ŋyu-zz''// |~|font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''jio-ɯn''// |font-family:Verdana,Geneva,sans-serif;//''ŋa-lɯ-ŋyu-ch''// |
|water-ACC |3.~SBJ-in-it-in |~|water-ACC |3.~SBJ-in-it-in |
}}}
Limu is used for generic locations, especially if the object is out of sight. For example, on the bed (in the other room), at a friend's house, at home, or in the kitchen.
!!!!There are two fundamentally three parts of speech in Nyji: verb, noun, and other (particles?). (particles can't incorporate nouns and don't take affixes except for agreement)
The vast majority of words can act as the verb in a sentence with no modification. For example:
; The verb below is //'his'// (Nyji: {{nya{lyŋy}}})
: {{nya{viββi-ŋafnɯn ly<ŋa>ŋy}}}
: this.person-child his<3.SBJ>his
: This child is his.
@@font-size:1.25em;[[Nouns]]@@ are those words which can not be used as a verb except in the sense of 'to be //x//'. Similarly, @@font-size:1.25em;[[Verbs|SVerbs]]@@ are those words that can only be used as nouns with the addition of the noun convertor affix. Adpositions and descriptives are considered verbs. Other covers conjunctions and other particles.
The default order is SOV, or in detail:
;One syllable or irregular verb:
:subject-NOM object-ACC ~SBJ-D.~OBJ-IN.~OBJ-verb.start-indirect.object-verb.end
;Multiple syllables verb:
:subject-NOM object-ACC verb.start-~SBJ-D.~OBJ-IN.~OBJ-indirect.object-verb.end
The verb start is the first consonant and first vowel. Additional vowels in long vowels and diphthongs go with the verb end.
However, Ŋyjichɯn has free word order, placing the most important word is in front with the least important incorporated into the verb. Consider:
: {{nya{moŋjy myomumaty zɯzɯn}}}
: What is your name?
versus
: {{nya{myomumaty moŋjy zɯzɯn}}}
: What is your ''name''?
versus
: {{nya{zɯzɯn myomumamowty}}}
: ''What'' is your name?
!WORK IN PROGRESS
;The more complete order is:
: (subordinate clause: verb-obj subj.) adj. subj. verb-obj direct.obj indirect.obj
In cases with two or more verbs (or words that act like verbs), the incorporation goes on the main verb, the rest just get the affixes, thus:
{{nya{jyor ŋa-za-zyich ŋa-fa-fi-jio-jɯn-im}}}
it-SBJ 3.~SBJ-3.~OBJ-over 3.~SBJ-3.~OBJ-stand-water.OBJ
It stands over water.
{{nya{zyich}}} and {{nya{fim}}} are verbs (technically {{nya{zyich}}} is a preposition, thus an adjective, thus acts like a verb.) Only {{nya{fim}}} takes the object {{nya{jio}}}, but both take the affixes {{nya{-ŋa-}}} and {{nya{-a-}}}
(Need examples)